3. leaf venation
4. type of root system
Multilayer epithelial tissue includes epithelium...
1. outer layer of skin
2. stomach walls
3. intestinal walls
4. walls of the respiratory tract
What organs ensure vegetative propagation of plants? Choose 3 correct answers
3. aboveground shoots
1. What organs ensure vegetative propagation of plants? Selectthree correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) seeds
2) tubers
3) above-ground shoots
4) flowers
5) fruits
6) roots
2. Establish a correspondence between the animal and the type of its postembryonic
development. To do this, select a position for each element of the first column
from the second column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.
ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT TYPE DEVELOPMENT TYPE
2) indirect
A) ordinary
B) white hare
B) chafer
D) cob newt
D) brown bear
3, Arrange in the correct order the processes of excretion from the body of fish
harmful metabolic products dissolved in water, starting from intake
blood to the kidneys. Write down the appropriate sequence in your answer.
numbers
1) removal of urine through the urethra
2) drainage of urine from the kidneys through the ureters
3) the flow of urine into the bladder
4) the passage of blood through the blood vessels of the kidneys
5) filtration by the kidneys of the fluid that enters it and the formation of urine
tubers 3) aboveground shoots 4) flowers 5) fruits 6) roots Establish a correspondence between the animal and the type of its postembryonic development. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table. ANIMAL TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT A) common snake B) mountain hare C) cockchafer D) crested newt E) brown bear 1) direct 2) indirect
Vegetative propagation of plants- this is reproduction using vegetative organs - roots, shoots, leaves or even a small part of it. With vegetative propagation, new plants are exactly the same as the mother plant.
No genetic changes are observed in the new plant and all the characteristics of the mother plant are completely repeated in the daughter plant.
1. If plants, when propagated by seed, do not repeat the maternal qualities, in other words, if a plant in the first generation is grown from the seeds of an F1 hybrid, then seeds cannot be taken from such a plant, because the new plants will not be similar to the maternal one. Such plants include numerous hybrids of vegetables, as well as roses, gladioli, tulips, dahlias, some varieties of petunias, phlox, edelweiss, lilac, nephrolepis, weigela.
2. If some plants do not produce viable seeds or are grown in conditions where the seeds do not ripen. Such plants, for example, include ficus, fuchsia, reed, dracaena, alocasia, calathea, arrowroot, indoor jasmine, pelargonium, mantle, pancratium, and some variegated forms of plants.
3. If vegetative propagation is economically profitable, for example, if you are preparing plants for sale: to obtain short plants, for faster and earlier flowering.
4. If vegetative propagation is much easier than seed propagation. In some plants, for example, privet, astilbe, lemongrass, zamioculcas, chokeberry, Elwoodi cypress. The seeds of these plants must undergo difficult conditions in preparation for sowing. Even after long-term stratification, the seeds are very difficult to germinate, but cuttings from these plants, on the contrary, are very easy to do. In Selaginella, seed propagation is almost impossible at home, since seed propagation requires male and female spores, and this is very difficult to do even in the laboratory. Therefore, vegetative propagation of selaginella - by dividing the bush or cuttings - is the only way to propagate at home.
5. Vegetative propagation is also used to prolong the juvenile phases of plant development. The juvenile phase is the “youthful” period of a plant; it lasts from seed germination to the formation of the first buds. During this period, the vegetative organs of plants are formed: roots, stems, and leaves grow. It is better to renew plants such as cyperus all the time, otherwise cyperus quickly turns yellow.
Widely practiced in industrial floriculture vegetative propagation of plants, because its advantages are undeniable: plants grown from seeds bloom much later than with vegetative propagation. For example, amaryllis from seeds will bloom in the fifth year, and when propagated by a daughter bulb - after three years.
Also, vegetatively propagated plants are lower in height. For example, marigolds, verbena or ageratum, when propagated by seed, grow up to half a meter in height, and such tall plants can no longer be used when creating borders. And with vegetative propagation of these plants, cuttings produce new plants with a height of only 15-20 centimeters with very strong flowering. (So this is the secret of the lush flowering of urban flower beds!) But vegetative propagation also has its drawbacks: plants have low immunity, they are more susceptible to diseases, and are less durable.
Artificial vegetative propagation- propagation by cuttings, leaves, part of a leaf. The success of vegetative artificial propagation depends on the soil mixture in which new plants take root, moisture, lighting, air temperature, as well as on the varietal characteristics of the plant and its age. During spring pruning of indoor plants, such as clerodendrum, blue passionflower, many shoots remain that take root easily. And Saintpaulia and Gloxinia can be propagated by leaves.
At natural vegetative propagation vegetative organs are involved, which easily take root themselves.
1. For example, nephrolepis, chlorophytum, garden strawberry, saxifrage reproduce mustache, or stolons. All plants that reproduce by tendrils, or stolons, are characterized by rosette growth.
2.Some plants let go aboveground shoots - lashes. Whiskers and whiskers are very similar. A rosette is also formed at the end of the lash. Scourges are formed by the creeping tenacious. In the internodes, in places of contact with the ground, roots form on the vines. In this way you can root grapes, clematis, and virgin grapes. In the spring, the whip is placed on the ground, covered with soil, and in the fall the whip can be cut into internodes and planted as independent plants.
3. In some plants, offspring. Many bulbous plants form offspring bulbs at the base. Pineapple, bromeliad, and date palm reproduce with such offspring. In sympodial orchids, the lateral shoots on the rhizomes can also be called suckers.
If there are few offspring, their growth can be stimulated. To do this, the rosette is cut off with a small part of the stem and rooted, and the remaining plant quickly produces offspring.
4. Some plants produce root growth. Anyone who grows plums in the garden is well acquainted with root shoots)).
5. There are plants with dropping shoots. These include some cacti and succulents, for example, mamilaria, bryophyllium (better known as Kalanchoe), sempervivum. Once on the ground, the shoots quickly take root and begin to grow.
6. Some plants form daughter bulbs, tubers, corms, pseudobulbs, rhizomes- modified organs involved in vegetative reproduction. Plants accumulate nutrients in these organs. Perennial plants reproduce in this way: hyacinth, iris, tulip, lily, tigridia, phlox, daylily, snowdrop, clivia, amaryllis, crinum, oxalis, peony and many other rhizomatous plants.
Vegetative propagation is propagation by parts of plants: shoots, roots, leaves, or groups of somatic cells of these organs. Such reproduction is one of the adaptations for the formation of offspring where sexual reproduction is difficult.
The vegetative method is based on the regenerative ability of plants. This type of propagation is widespread in nature and is often used in crop production. During vegetative propagation, the offspring repeat the genotype of the parent, which is very important for preserving the characteristics of the variety.
In nature, vegetative propagation occurs by root suckers (cherry, aspen, sow thistle, thistle), layering (macrum, wild grapes), tendrils (strawberries, creeping buttercup), rhizomes (wheat grass, reed), tubers (potatoes), bulbs (tulip, onion ), leaves (bryophyllum).
All natural methods of vegetative propagation of plants are widely used by humans in the practice of plant growing, forestry and especially horticulture.
Reproduction by layering used for growing currants, walnuts, grapes, mulberries, azaleas, etc. To do this, a one- or two-year-old shoot of the plant is tilted into a specially dug groove, pinned and covered with earth so that the end of the shoot remains above the soil surface.
Even without a groove, you can lay out the shoots in radii on a leveled soil surface, pin them and cover them with earth. Rooting goes better if cuts are made in the bark under the bud. The flow of nutrients to the cuts stimulates the formation of adventitious roots. Rooted shoots are separated from the mother plant and planted.
Berry bushes are also propagated by dividing the bush into several parts, each of them is planted in a new place.
Root suckers they propagate roses, lilacs, quince, rowan, hawthorn, raspberries, blackberries, cherries, plums, horseradish, etc. By deliberately injuring the roots, gardeners cause increased formation of root suckers. They are replanted with part of the mother plant.
Cuttings called parts of a shoot, root, or leaf cut off for this purpose. Stem cuttings are one- and two-year-old shoots 20-30 cm long. Cut cuttings are planted in the soil. At their lower end, adventitious roots grow, and new shoots grow from the axillary buds. To increase survival rate, before planting, the lower ends of the cuttings are treated with solutions of growth stimulants. Many varieties of currants, gooseberries, grapes, roses, etc. are propagated by cuttings.
Leaf cuttings Begonias, Uzambara violets, lemon, etc. are propagated. The leaf cut with the cuttings is placed with the underside on wet sand, making an incision on the large veins to accelerate the formation of adventitious roots and buds.
Root cuttings- sections of lateral roots 10-20 cm long are harvested in the fall, stored in sand and planted in greenhouses in the spring. Used for propagation of cherries, plums, raspberries, chicory, apple trees, roses, etc.
Propagation by grafting is widely used in gardening.. Grafting is the merging of a bud or cutting of one plant with the stem of another growing in the soil. The cutting, or bud, is called the scion, and the plant with the root is called the rootstock.
Budding called grafting a bud with a piece of wood. In this case, an L-shaped incision 2-3 cm long is made on the stem of a one- or two-year-old seedling, and a horizontal one - no more than 1 cm. Then the edges of the bark are carefully folded back, and a peephole cut with a piece of wood is inserted under the bark. The peephole is pressed tightly against the wood with bark flaps. The grafting site is tied with a washcloth, leaving the bud open. After fusion, the stem of the rootstock above the eye is removed. Budding is carried out in summer and spring.
Copulation- grafting a one-year-old cutting with several buds. In this case, the scion and rootstock should be the same thickness. They make identical oblique cuts. The scion is applied to the rootstock so that their tissues coincide (the matching of the cambium is especially important) and carefully tied with a sponge. If the thickness of the rootstock and scion is different, grafting is done into the split, behind the bark, into the butt, etc.
Artificial vegetative propagation of plants is of great importance in agriculture. It makes it possible to quickly obtain a large amount of planting material, preserve the characteristics of the variety and propagate plants that do not form seeds.
Since vegetative propagation involves mitotic division of somatic cells, the offspring receives the same set of chromosomes and completely retains the characteristics of the mother plants.
Vegetative propagation plants- this is the development of new plants from vegetative organs or their parts. Vegetative propagation is based on the plant’s ability to regenerate, i.e., to restore a whole organism from a part. During vegetative propagation, new plants are formed from shoots, leaves, roots, tubers, bulbs, and root suckers. The new generation has all the qualities that the mother plant has.
Vegetative propagation of plants occurs naturally or with human help. People widely use vegetative propagation of indoor, ornamental, and vegetable plants. For this, first of all, those methods that exist in nature are used.
Wheatgrass, lily of the valley, and kupena reproduce by rhizomes. Rhizomes have adventitious roots, as well as apical and axillary buds. The plant, in the form of a rhizome, overwinters in the soil. In spring, young shoots develop from the buds. If the rhizomes are damaged, each piece can produce a new plant.
Some plants reproduce from broken branches (willow, poplar).
Reproduction by leaves occurs less frequently. It is found, for example, in meadow heart. In moist soil, an adventitious bud develops at the base of the broken leaf, from which a new plant grows.
Potatoes are propagated by tubers. When planting a club, part of the buds develops into green shoots. Later, from another part of the buds, underground shoots, similar to rhizomes, are formed - stolons. The tops of the stolons thicken and turn into new tubers (Fig. 144).
Onions, garlic, and tulips reproduce by bulbs. When planting bulbs in the soil, adventitious roots grow from the bottom. Daughter bulbs are formed from axillary buds.
Many shrubs and perennial herbs are propagated by dividing the bush, for example peonies, irises, hydrangeas, etc.
Scientists have developed methods of vegetative propagation that are extremely rare in nature (cuttings) or do not exist at all (grafting).
When cuttings, part of the mother plant is separated and rooted. A cutting is a part of any vegetative organ - a shoot (stem, leaf), root. The cuttings usually already have buds, or they may appear under favorable conditions. A new plant grows from the cuttings, completely similar to the mother one.
Many indoor plants, Tradescantia, Pelargonium, and Coleus, are propagated by green leafy shoot cuttings (Fig. 145). Gooseberries, currants, nil, willow and other plants are propagated by leafless cuttings (a section of a young stem with several buds).
Begonia, glock blue, Uzambara violet, sansevieria (pike tail) and many other indoor plants are propagated by leaf cuttings. To do this, a separate leaf is planted in damp sand, covered with a glass cap, or placed in water (Fig. 146).
Raspberries are propagated by root cuttings.
Layerings are used for propagating gooseberries, currants, and linden. In this case, the lower branches of the bush are bent to the ground, pressed and sprinkled with soil. It is recommended to make cuts on the underside of the bent branch to stimulate the formation of adventitious roots. After rooting, the cutting branch is separated from the mother plant and transplanted to a permanent place (Fig. 147).
When grown from seeds, apple trees, pears and other fruit plants do not retain the valuable qualities of the original plant. They become wild, so such plants are propagated by grafting. The plant that is grafted onto is called the rootstock, and the plant that is grafted onto is called the scion. A distinction is made between grafting with an eye and grafting with a cutting (Fig. 148).
Eye grafting is carried out as follows. In the spring, during sap flow, a T-shaped cut is made on the bark of the rootstock. Then the corners of the bark are folded back and a bud cut from the scion with a small area of bark and wood is inserted under it. The bark of the rootstock is pressed, and the wound is bandaged with a special adhesive tape. The part of the rootstock located above the scion is removed.
Grafting with cuttings is done in different ways: by butt (cambium on cambium), split, under the bark. With all methods, it is important to observe the basic condition: the cambium of the scion and the cambium of the rootstock must match. Only in this case will fusion occur. As with kidney grafting, the wound is bandaged. The sites of correctly performed grafting quickly grow together. Material from the site
In recent decades, such a method of vegetative propagation as tissue culture has been developed. The essence of the method is that a whole plant is grown from a piece of educational (or other) tissue or even from one cell on a nutrient medium under careful observation of lighting and temperature conditions. At the same time, it is important to prevent the plant from being damaged by microorganisms. The value of the method is that, without waiting for seeds to form, you can get a large number of plants.
Vegetative propagation of plants is of great biological and economic importance. It promotes fairly rapid dispersal of plants.
During vegetative propagation, the new generation has all the qualities of the mother’s organism, which allows the preservation of plant varieties with valuable traits. Therefore, many fruit crops reproduce only vegetatively. When propagated by grafting, the new plant immediately has a powerful root system, which allows it to provide young plants with water and minerals. Such plants turn out to be more competitive compared to seedlings emerging from seeds. However, this method also has disadvantages: with repeated repetition of vegetative propagation, “aging” of the original plant occurs. This reduces its resistance to environmental conditions and diseases.
Plants consist of organs such as vegetative and reproductive. Each of them is responsible for certain functions. Vegetative organs are responsible for development and nutrition, and the reproductive organs of plants are involved in reproduction. These include flower, seed and fruit. They are responsible for the “birth” of offspring.
The appearance of vegetative organs was associated with the need to obtain nutrients from the soil. These include:
The root is characteristic of all plants, as it holds them and nourishes them, extracting useful substances from the water. It is from this that the shoots come from which the leaves grow.
When sowing seeds, the root is the first to sprout. It is the main organ of the plant. After the root gains strength, a shoot system appears. Then a stem is formed. It bears side shoots in the form of leaves and buds.
The stem supports the leaves and conducts nutrients from the roots to them. It can also store water during droughts.
Leaves are responsible for photosynthesis and gas exchange. In some plants they also perform other functions, such as storing substances or reproduction.
During the process of evolution, organs change. This allows plants to adapt and survive in nature. New species are appearing, which are increasingly unique and unpretentious.
The vegetative organ that holds the stem is involved in the process of absorbing water and nutrients from the soil throughout the life of the plant.
It arose after the advent of sushi. The root helped plants adapt to changes in the earth. In the modern world, there are still rootless ones - moss and psilot-like ones.
In angiosperms, root development begins with the embryo entering the ground. As it develops, a stable organ appears from which a shoot sprouts.
The root is protected by a sheath, which helps to obtain nutrients. This is due to its structure and the content of a large amount of starch.
Axial vegetative organ. The stem bears leaves, buds and flowers. It is a conductor of nutrients from the root system to other plant organs. The stem of herbaceous species is also capable of photosynthesis, like the leaves.
It is capable of performing the following functions: storage and reproduction. The structure of the stem is a cone. The epidermis, or tissue, is the primary bark of some plant species. In peduncles it is looser, and in shoots, for example sunflower, it is lamellar.
The function of photosynthesis is performed due to the fact that the stem contains a chloroplast. This substance converts carbon dioxide and water into organic products. The supply of substances occurs due to starch, which is not consumed during the growth period.
Interestingly, in monocotyledonous plants the stem retains its structure throughout the entire life cycle. In dicotyledons it changes. This can be seen in the cut of trees where growth rings form.
This is a lateral vegetative organ. Leaves vary in appearance, structure and function. The organ is involved in photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration.
Complex inflorescences are represented by several simple ones. Their origin is related to the function of fertilization. The greater the number of flowers, the faster the pollen is transferred.
The reproductive organs of plants primarily perform the function of reproduction. The fruit protects the seeds from their premature dissemination. They can be dry or juicy. Seeds are formed inside the fruit, gradually ripening. Some of them are equipped with devices that help them spread, for example, a dandelion scatters in the wind.
Main types of fruits:
A dry multi-seeded fruit comes with a partition - cabbage, and without it - peas. Oak has one seed.
The reproductive organs of flowering plants are designed so that seeds are dispersed in several ways:
The organs are designed so that plants undergo the process from root formation to reproduction. The fruits have adapted to be carried by animals. This is ensured by such devices as holds, parachutes, color accents and pleasant taste.
Knowing which plant organs are reproductive, you can understand exactly how they reproduce. The seed reproduces offspring and disperses them for subsequent cultivation. It consists of the peel, the germ and nutrients coming from the stem.
The seed contains proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In fact, the embryo is the rudiments of the stem, root and leaves. It is the main part of the seed and comes with one or two cotyledons.
Seeds also come in several different types. Some have nutrients in the endosperm, while others have no tissue for storage.
The seed coat protects from the external environment, wind and animals. Once mature, it helps disperse the plant. Some species store nutrients in the peel.
Seeds are food for people and animals. Their importance on earth is quite high, just like that of the fruit. These plant organs participate in the life cycle of insects and animals, thereby providing them with food.
In the plant world, everything is arranged so that organisms have the opportunity to grow constantly. Higher plants have organs such as shoots and roots. They differ in that during the process of fertilization an embryo appears.
The reproductive organs of higher plants, interacting with vegetative ones, change their life phases. They include four departments:
All these plants have been growing and developing on earth for quite a long time. They differ from each other in the method of reproduction and the presence of certain organs. However, it should be noted that vegetation has a great influence on human life.
This species is the most numerous in the plant world. Flowering plants, or angiosperms, have grown on the planet since ancient times. In the process of evolution, ferns have divided into many species.
The main reproductive organs of flowering plants are the seeds. They are protected by the fruit, which helps them to be better preserved until they spread. Interestingly, this group of plants is the only one that can form multi-tiered communities. In turn, flowers are divided into two subspecies: monocotyledons and dicotyledons.
The main difference between flowering plants is that the reproductive organs of plants are the flower, fruit and seed. Pollination occurs through wind, water, insects and animals. In the structure of the plant there is a female and male prothallus, and double fertilization also occurs.
During germination, the seed is saturated with water and swells, then the reserve substances are broken down and provide energy for germination. From the embryo a sprout emerges, which later becomes a flower, tree or grass.
These include not only conifers, but also deciduous trees. In the deserts of Kenya there grows an amazing plant that has only two large leaves. Its relative is ephedra. It is a gymnosperm plant that has small round berries.
As you know, the reproductive organs of a plant include the flower, fruit and seed. For the fertilization process to occur, pollination is necessary, which helps the emergence of offspring.
In angiosperms, fusion of male and female cells occurs. This is achieved through the cross-transfer process of pollen from one flower to another. In some cases, self-pollination occurs.
Helpers are needed for cross-pollination. First of all, these are insects. They feast on sweet pollen and transfer it from flower to flower on their stigmas and wings. After this, the reproductive organs of plants begin their work. Flowers that are pollinated by insects are painted in bright and rich shades. After coloring, they are attracted by the scent. Insects smell the flower when they are at a sufficiently large distance from it.
Wind-pollinated plants are also equipped with special adaptations. Their anthers are quite loosely located, so the wind carries the pollen. For example, poplar blooms during winds. This makes it possible to spread pollen from one tree to another without obstacles.
There are plants that small birds help in pollination. Their flowers do not have a strong aroma, but are bright red in color. This attracts birds to drink the nectar and pollination occurs at the same time.
After the advent of sushi, nature changed. Plants gradually evolved, and ferns were replaced by flowers, shrubs and trees. This happened due to the appearance of the root system, tissues and cells.
Due to the diversity of the reproductive organs of angiosperms, more and more species and subspecies appeared. For reproduction, spores and seeds containing reproductive cells began to appear.
Gradually shoots, leaves and fruits appeared. After reaching land, plants developed in two directions. Some (gametophytic) had two phases of development, others (sporophytic) passed from one cycle to another.
Plants adapted and evolved. Spore species began to reach 40 meters in height. More and more new reproductive organs of plants began to appear. Their evolution depended on the influence of the external environment.
An embryo was formed inside the seed, which germinated after fertilization and atomization. Once in the ground, it fed on useful substances and turned into a sprout.
The evolution of the fertilization process led to the emergence of angiosperms, in which the seeds were protected by the fruit.
The benefits of the natural world to people are priceless. Plants not only emit gases, salts and water, but also transform inorganic substances into those necessary for life. Gas exchange occurs with the help of the root system, shoots and leaves.
Green plants accumulate valuable organic substances, purify the air from carbon dioxide, while saturating it with oxygen.
Thanks to natural resources, people receive more valuable products necessary for life. Plants become food for animals and humans. They are used to treat various diseases and in the production of cosmetics.
Since the reproductive organ of a plant is the fruit and seed, they have become indispensable in human nutrition. Almost everyone loves berries that grow on bushes. Interestingly, coal and oil also came from vegetation. Peat bogs are the birthplace of algae and ferns.
The vegetative and reproductive organs of flowering plants play an important role in their life. They are responsible for nutrition, development and reproduction. When the life cycle ends, the seeds spread around and new plants sprout.
