The existence of social needs is determined by a person’s life with other individuals and constant interaction with them. Society influences the formation of the personality structure, its needs and desires. Harmonious development of the individual outside of society is impossible. The need for communication, friendship, love can be satisfied only in the process of interaction between a person and society.
This is a need for something. It can be both physiological and psychological in nature, serves as a motive for action and “forces” the individual to take steps aimed at satisfying his needs. Needs appear in the form of emotionally charged desires and, as a result, its satisfaction manifests itself in the form of evaluative emotions. When an individual needs something, he feels negative emotions, and as his needs and desires are satisfied, positive emotions appear.
Failure to satisfy physiological needs can lead to the death of a living organism, and psychological needs can cause internal discomfort and tension, depression.
The satisfaction of one need entails the emergence of another. Their limitlessness is one of the features of the development of an individual as a personality.
Needs force us to perceive the surrounding reality selectively, through the prism of our needs. They concentrate the individual’s attention on objects that help satisfy the current need.
The diversity of human nature is the reason for the existence of various classifications of needs: by object and subject, areas of activity, temporary stability, significance, functional role, etc. The most widely known is the hierarchy of needs proposed by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow.
Maslow argues that satisfying needs at the lower levels of the hierarchy leads to strengthening of those above. A thirsty person concentrates his attention on finding a source of water, and the need for communication fades into the background. It is important to remember that needs can exist simultaneously, the issue is only a matter of priority.
Human social needs are not as acute as physiological ones, but they play a vital role in the interaction between the individual and society. The realization of social needs is impossible outside of society. Social needs include:
At the dawn of human development, it was social needs that contributed to the development of civilization. People united for protection and hunting, fighting the elements. Their satisfaction in joint activities contributed to the development of agriculture. The realization of the need for communication pushed the development of culture.
Man is a social being and he gravitates toward communicating with his own kind, therefore satisfying social needs is no less important than physiological ones.
Social needs are distinguished according to the following criteria:
The first type can only be realized through the need “for others.”
The German sociologist Erich Fromm proposed different needs:
American psychologist David McClellad proposed his classification of social needs based on the typology of personality and motivation:
The main feature of social needs is that they can only be satisfied through interaction with society. The very emergence of such needs is associated with society at the current stage of cultural and historical development. Activity is the main source of satisfying the social needs of the individual. Changing the content of social activities contributes to the development of social needs. The more diverse and complex the more perfect the system of individual needs becomes.
The influence of social needs should be considered from two sides: from the point of view of the individual and from the point of view of society as a whole.
Satisfying social needs helps a person feel complete, needed, increases self-esteem and self-confidence. The most important social needs are communication, love, friendship. They play a primary role in the development of an individual as a personality.
From the point of view of society, they are the engine of development of all spheres of life. A scientist, wanting recognition (satisfying a need “for himself”), invents a method of treating a serious illness that saves many lives and contributes to the development of science. An artist who dreams of becoming famous, in the process of satisfying his social needs, makes a contribution to culture. There are many similar examples that can be given, and all of them will confirm that satisfying the needs of an individual is as important for society as it is for the person himself.
Man is a social being and cannot develop harmoniously outside of it. The main social needs of an individual include: the need for communication, friendship, love, self-realization, recognition, power. Diversity contributes to the development of an individual's system of needs. Failure to meet social needs causes apathy and aggression. Social needs contribute not only to the improvement of the individual as a person, but are also the engine of development of society as a whole.
Basic Concepts: individual, needs, cultural needs, spiritual needs, social needs, properties of social needs, forms of social needs, subjects of social needs, factors influencing the development of social needs.
Traditionally, need is understood as a form of human need that prompts him to certain internal or external actions and stimulates his life activity.
There are two types of needs based on their origin: natural and cultural. Natural needs are the daily needs of a person necessary to preserve and maintain his life and the life of his offspring. This is the need for food, drink, a being of the opposite sex, sleep, protection from cold and excessive heat, clothing, shelter, etc. On their basis, social needs arise, develop and are satisfied. Cultural needs are born in the process of human activity as a social subject. They express the dependence of active human activity on the products of human culture; their roots lie entirely within the boundaries of human history. Objects of cultural needs include both objects that serve as a means of satisfying any natural need in the conditions of a particular culture (fork and spoon, plates and hammers), and objects necessary for labor and cultural communication with other people, for complex and diverse human social life. By the nature of the subject, needs can be material and spiritual. Material needs reveal a person’s dependence on objects of material culture (the need for food, clothing, housing, household items, etc.); in the spiritual – dependence on the products of social consciousness.
The bearers of social needs are human individuals, a social stratum or social group within a particular society (class, estate, nation, professional group, generation), society as a specific social system, a social institution operating within society (education system, state and its organs), humanity as a whole.
Social needs determine the behavior of individuals and social groups. According to A.G. Zdravomyslov, satisfaction of needs depends on communication and joint actions of people. They include the need to belong to a social group, to occupy a certain position in it, to be respected and loved by others.
Social needs are an integral part of human needs; their satisfaction reveals the essence of man as a social being, emphasizes his social determination and determines social development. These include the need for social activity, self-expression, ensuring social rights, communicating with other people, etc. Social needs determine the interests and desires of a person, among which the following can be identified that determine his interests, motives and behavior: the need for obedience, the need for play, dominance, the need to evaluate, the need for judgment, the need for respect and support, the need to help other people.
Social needs permeate literally all aspects and spheres of human life, his relationship with the world. They are the connecting link between society and the individual, life and its inner world. Their necessity for an individual is determined by the organization of his life activity in the macro- and microsystem “man – society”.
Social needs are a special type of human needs. This is an integral part of human spiritual needs. They express human needs in the social environment, in social work activity, in socio-economic activity, in spiritual culture, i.e. in everything that is a product of social life. Social needs include the needs associated with the inclusion of an individual in the family, in numerous social groups and collectives, in various spheres of activity, in the life of society as a whole, and in general - in interaction with society in all its manifestations.
Social is a need that is based on a social need that is realized through the special life situation of the subject. It is satisfied according to the standards and standards of society and expresses the social essence of a person.
Social needs have two interrelated aspects. On the one hand, they are related to social necessity (social activity, communication, contacts, interests), and on the other hand, to the material, technical, financial and economic conditions of human life in a particular society.
The integration of the individual into the complex system of society and the resulting need for actions subordinated to social needs determine the conscious purposefulness of his activity. This implies the need for individuals to understand their social needs, since by their nature and essence all needs functioning in society are objective.
The development of social needs is associated primarily with changes in the content of an individual’s activity: the more complex and diverse the social activity, the richer and more perfect the system of his needs. The renewal of the forms of interaction of the individual with the social environment and the associated change in the nature of his activity lead to the emergence of new social needs.
The main source of satisfaction of an individual's social needs is activity. Only in it and thanks to it does the individual realize himself and find ways to satisfy his needs. Only in society and with the direct participation of society is it possible to satisfy the needs of the individual, since many needs owe their emergence to society at a specific historical stage of development. Social needs are satisfied by the organizational efforts of members of society through social institutions. Dissatisfaction with social needs manifests itself in two forms - aggression and apathy.
There are differences in such concepts as “social needs” and “needs of society”. If “social needs” are the needs of one individual at his social level, with which each individual is represented in society, expressing the tendency of his development relative to society, society in the most important directions for a given period of time, then “needs of society” reflect the needs of not one, but the totality individuals mean the presence in society of certain requests, demands on society, a certain need for the development of society and their awareness by members of society (individuals).
Which of the needs will become the leading one for an individual depends on his individual psychological characteristics, the pedagogical potential of the environment, the strength of its influence on the person, upbringing, health status and other factors.
The formation of an individual’s social needs is influenced by various factors, both objective and subjective. Objective ones include those that act independently of his will and consciousness and are external to the bearer or subject of social needs: socio-economic, cultural and living conditions of the population in the country, on which the degree of development of social needs and the possibility of satisfying them depends ; the level of social production and scientific and technological progress; gender and age composition of the population; level of socio-pedagogical education of children and adults.
Subjective factors depend on the individual himself: these are opinions, preferences, inclinations and habits. All of them are formed in a certain social and cultural environment, which significantly influences them.
Social needs exist in an endless variety of forms. One of the classifications is based on the following criteria:
The social need “for others” is a need that expresses the generic essence of a person: this is the need for communication, the need to protect the weak, the need to understand another and help him, the need to provide care and attention to another. The most concentrated need “for others” is expressed in altruism – the need to sacrifice oneself for the sake of another. It involves seeing another person as a friend, ally, assistant, employee, partner. The socio-historical norm of satisfying social needs “for others” is acquired by the individual in the process of education and is perceived by him as conscience.
The social need “for oneself” is the need for self-affirmation in society, the need for self-realization, the need for self-identification, the need to have one’s place in society, in a team, the need to accept and receive help from others, etc. It is determined by the individual’s idea of his rights and, under their influence, he strives to improve his social position, his status, and his influence on others.
The need “for oneself” is called social, since it is inextricably linked with the need “for others.”
Social needs “together with others” express the motivating forces of many people or society as a whole: the need for joint activity, the need to strive for a common goal, for joint efforts, the need for security, the need for freedom, the need for peace, the need for a socially significant result of activity (see Appendix 2).
In the scientific literature, two types of social needs of the individual are also distinguished - absolute (personal) and relative (joint), which also differ in direction and unequal degree of coincidence with social need. Joint needs express her dependence on others in conditions of common life activity with them and are equally necessary for both the individual and society as a whole.
The subject of these needs is the individual with other people, the team, and society. Thus, the joint needs of the individual directly follow from social necessity and coincide with it. On the contrary, personal social needs are directly related to the need for self-preservation, self-affirmation of the individual in the social environment and may not coincide with social necessity. They express the individuality, consumer and creative abilities of their bearer and reproduce only his life activity in a particular society. Satisfying the latter does not have any social consequences for society.
There are certain priorities of social needs depending on a particular age group.
Thus, for a child of primary and secondary school age, the following are typical: the need for obedience is the acceptance of circumstances and people, the recognition of one’s own inferiority; the need for play - the desire for new sensations; need to satisfy egoism. The following needs are characteristic of adolescence: to be like everyone else; free yourself from restrictions and parental care; seek answers to the eternal questions of existence; tendency to reflect and generalize. Adolescence is characterized by such social needs as the desire to express one’s own views; to be heard and influence the course of social events and situations; the desire for self-realization in the social environment and activities.
Types of social needs
Social needs are born in the process of human activity as a social subject. Human activity is an adaptive, transformative activity aimed at producing means to satisfy certain needs. Since such activity acts as a person’s practical application of sociocultural experience, in its development it acquires the character of a universal social production and consumption activity. Human activity can only be carried out in society and through society; it is performed by an individual in interaction with other people and represents a complex system of actions determined by various needs.
Social needs arise in connection with the functioning of a person in society. These include the need for social activity, self-expression, ensuring social rights, etc. They are not given by nature, are not genetically laid down, but are acquired during the formation of a person as an individual, his development as a member of society, and are born in the process of human activity as a social subject.
A distinctive feature of social needs, with all their diversity, is that they all act as demands on other people and belong not to an individual, but to a group of people, united in one way or another. The general need of a certain social group not only consists of the needs of individual people, but also itself causes a corresponding need in an individual. The need of any group is not identical to the need of an individual, but is always somewhat and somehow different from it. A person belonging to a certain group relies on common needs with it, but the group forces him to obey its demands, and by obeying, he becomes one of the dictators. This creates a complex dialectic between the interests and needs of an individual, on the one hand, and those communities with which he is connected, on the other.
Social needs are needs defined by society (society) as additional and mandatory to basic needs. For example, to ensure the process of eating (a basic need), social needs will be: a chair, a table, forks, knives, plates, napkins, etc. In different social groups, these needs are different and depend on norms, rules, mentality, living conditions and other factors characterizing social culture. At the same time, an individual’s possession of items that society considers necessary may determine his social status in society.
With a wide variety of human social needs, it is possible to distinguish more or less clearly distinguished individual levels of needs, at each of which its specificity and its hierarchical connections with lower and higher ones are visible. For example, these levels include:
social needs of an individual (as a person, individuality) - they act as a ready-made, but also changing product of social relations;
social needs are family-related - in different cases they are more or less broad, specific and strong and are most closely related to biological needs;
universal social needs arise because a person, thinking and acting individually, at the same time includes his activities in the activities of other people and society. As a result, an objective need appears for such actions and states that simultaneously provide the individual with both community with other people and his independence, i.e. existence as a special person. Under the influence of this objective necessity, human needs develop, guiding and regulating his behavior in relation to himself and other people, to his social group, to society as a whole;
the needs for justice on the scale of humanity, society as a whole are the needs for improvement, “correction” of society, for overcoming antagonistic social relations;
social needs for development and self-development, improvement and self-improvement of a person belong to the highest level of the hierarchy of individual needs. Every person, to one degree or another, has the desire to be healthier, smarter, kinder, more beautiful, stronger, etc.
Social needs exist in an endless variety of forms. Without trying to imagine all the manifestations of social needs, we classify these groups of needs according to three criteria:
needs “for others” - needs that express the generic essence of a person, i.e. the need for communication, the need to protect the weak. The most concentrated need “for others” is expressed in altruism - in the need to sacrifice oneself for the sake of another. The need “for others” is realized by overcoming the eternal egoistic principle “for oneself.” The existence and even “cooperation” in one person of opposing tendencies “for oneself” and “for others” is possible as long as we are not talking about individual or deep needs, but about the means of satisfying one or the other - about service needs and their derivatives. The claim to even the most significant place “for oneself” is easier to realize if at the same time, if possible, the claims of other people are not affected;
the need “for oneself” - the need for self-affirmation in society, the need for self-realization, the need for self-identification, the need to have one’s place in society, in a team, the need for power, etc. Needs “for oneself” are called social because they are inextricably linked with needs “for others”, and only through them can they be realized. In most cases, needs “for oneself” act as an allegorical expression of needs “for others”; the needs “together with others” unite people to solve urgent problems of social progress. A clear example: the invasion of Nazi troops on the territory of the USSR in 1941 became a powerful incentive for organizing resistance, and this need was universal.
Ideological needs are among the purely social needs of a person. These are human needs for an idea, for an explanation of life circumstances, problems, for an understanding of the causes of ongoing events, phenomena, factors, for a conceptual, systematic vision of the picture of the world. The implementation of these needs is carried out through the use of data from natural, social, humanities, technical and other sciences. As a result, a person develops a scientific picture of the world. Through a person’s assimilation of religious knowledge, a religious picture of the world is formed.
Many people, under the influence of ideological needs and in the process of their implementation, develop a multipolar, mosaic picture of the world with a predominance, as a rule, of a scientific picture of the world for people with a secular upbringing and a religious picture for people with a religious upbringing.
Need for justice is one of the needs actualized and functioning in society. It is expressed in the relationship between rights and responsibilities in a person’s consciousness, in his relationships with the social environment, in interaction with the social environment. In accordance with his understanding of what is fair and what is unfair, a person evaluates the behavior and actions of other people.
In this regard, a person can be oriented:
to defend and expand, first of all, their rights;
to preferentially fulfill one’s duties in relation to other people and the social sphere as a whole;
to a harmonious combination of their rights and responsibilities when a person solves social and professional problems.
Aesthetic needs play an important role in human life. The realization of an individual’s aesthetic aspirations is influenced not only by external circumstances, conditions of life and human activity, but also by internal, personal prerequisites - motives, abilities, volitional preparedness of the individual, understanding of the canons of beauty, harmony in the perception and implementation of behavior, creative activity, life in general according to the laws of beauty, in appropriate relation to the ugly, base, ugly, violating natural and social harmony.
An active long life is an important component of the human factor. Health is the most important prerequisite for knowledge of the world around us, for self-affirmation and self-improvement of a person, therefore the first and most important human need is health. The integrity of the human personality is manifested, first of all, in the interrelation and interaction of the mental and physical forces of the body. The harmony of the psychophysical forces of the body increases health reserves. You need to replenish your health reserves through rest.
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Social needs are a special type of human needs. Needs, the need for something necessary to maintain the vital functions of the body of a human person, a social group, society as a whole; internal stimulator of activity. There are two types of needs: natural and created by society.
Natural needs are the daily needs of a person for food, clothing, shelter, etc.
Social needs are the needs of a person in labor activity, socio-economic activity, spiritual culture, that is, in everything that is a product of social life.
Natural needs are the basis on which social needs arise, develop and are satisfied. Needs act as the main motive that encourages the subject of activity to real activities aimed at creating conditions and means for satisfying his needs, i.e. to production activities. Without needs there is and cannot be production. They are the initial stimulant of a person to activity; they express the dependence of the subject of activity on the outside world. Needs exist as objective and subjective connections, as attractions to the object of need. Social needs include the needs associated with the inclusion of an individual in the family, in numerous social groups and collectives, in various areas of production and non-production activities, and in the life of society as a whole.
Social needs are an expression of objective patterns of development of certain spheres of human life and society. The conditions surrounding a person not only give rise to needs, but also create opportunities for their satisfaction.
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Social needs- a special type of human needs - the need for something necessary to maintain the vital functions of the body of a human person, a social group, or society as a whole; internal stimulator of activity. There are two types of needs - natural and socially created. Natural needs- These are the daily needs of a person for food, clothing, shelter, etc.
Social needs— these are human needs in labor activity, socio-economic activity, spiritual culture, i.e. in everything that is a product of social life. Natural needs are the basis on which social needs arise, develop and are satisfied. Needs act as the main motive that encourages the subject of activity to take real actions aimed at creating conditions and means to satisfy his needs, i.e., to production activities.
Without needs there is and cannot be production. They are the initial stimulant of a person to activity; they express the dependence of the subject of activity on the outside world. Needs exist as objective and subjective connections, as attractions to the object of need. Social needs include the needs associated with the inclusion of an individual in the family, in numerous social groups and collectives, in various spheres of production and non-production activity, and in the life of society as a whole.
It is advisable to take into account the following most important “types” of needs, the satisfaction of which ensures normal conditions for the reproduction of social groups (communities):
1) in the production and distribution of goods, services and information required for the survival of members of society;
2) in normal (corresponding to existing social norms) psychophysiological life support;
3) in knowledge and self-development;
4) in communication between members of society;
5) in simple (or expanded) demographic reproduction;
6) in the upbringing and education of children;
7) in monitoring the behavior of members of society;
8) in ensuring their safety in all aspects.
Social needs are not satisfied automatically, but only through the organized efforts of members of society, which are social institutions.
Theories of human needs A. Maslow And F. Herzberg . The theory of work motivation by an American psychologist and sociologist Abraham Maslow(1908-1970) reveals human needs. Classifying human needs, A. Maslow divides them into basic(need for food, security, positive self-esteem, etc.) and derivatives, or metaneeds(in justice, prosperity, order and unity of social life, etc.).
Basic needs are arranged according to the principle of hierarchy in ascending order from the lowest material to the highest spiritual:
- Firstly, physiological and sexual needs - in the reproduction of people, food, breathing, physical movements, housing, rest, etc.;
- secondly, existential needs - the need for security of one’s existence, confidence in the future, stability of living conditions and activities, the desire to avoid unfair treatment, and in the world of work - for guaranteed employment, accident insurance, etc.;
- thirdly, social needs - for affection, belonging to a team, communication, care for others and attention to oneself, participation in joint work activities;
- fourthly, prestige needs - respect from significant people, career growth, status, prestige, knowledge and high appreciation;
- fifthly, spiritual needs - the need for self-expression through creativity.
Maslow Abraham Harold is a professor of psychology at Brooklyn College and the University of Massachusetts. He combined academic activities with entrepreneurial activities, founding his own enterprise, Maslow Cooperage Corporation. At the age of 18, A. Maslow entered New York City College. The father wanted his son to become a lawyer, but the young man was absolutely not attracted to a legal career. His interest in psychology arose in his penultimate year of college, and he chose a purely psychological topic for his course work. A. Maslow began systematic studies in psychology when he entered Cornell University.
He then transferred to the University of Wisconsin, where he became actively involved in experimental research on animal behavior. He created the so-called hierarchy of needs, the purpose of which was initially to explain human behavior and which was quickly adopted by managers, since it made it possible to understand the characteristics of employee motivation. A. Maslow became one of the first management figures who used a humanistic approach to personnel instead of an administrative one. Considering that personnel are becoming the key resource of successful companies, Maslow's model as a management concept is becoming increasingly relevant.
The advantage of A. Maslow’s theory consisted in the explanation, interaction of factors, in the discovery of their motive spring, in the fact that he considered the needs of each new level to be relevant, urgent for the individual only after the previous ones are satisfied. In addition, A. Maslow suggested that physiological, sexual and existential needs are innate, and the rest are socially acquired.
Further development of A. Maslow’s concept led to the conclusion that any individual has not one system of needs, but two, which are qualitatively different, independent of each other and have different effects on people’s behavior.
First group- hygiene factors. They do not relate to the content of work, but favor comfortable working and living conditions, well-organized work organization and work schedule, and provision of workers with various benefits and housing. Factors contribute to the development of psychologically comfortable relationships between employees, and as a result, one should not expect high job satisfaction or interest in it, but only the absence of dissatisfaction.
Second group factors - motives - satisfy, from the point of view Frederick Herzberg (b. 1923), internal needs and include recognition and achievement of success in work, interest in its content, responsibility, independence, etc. They determine job satisfaction and increase work activity. Therefore, F. Herzberg believes, satisfaction is a function of the content of work, and dissatisfaction is a function of working conditions.
Herzberg Frederick- American psychologist, professor of management, created his own theory of motivation, specialist in the field of clinical psychology, professor of management at the University of Utah. Herzberg's works are devoted mainly to the personality traits of a working person, but they are popular among management theorists and practitioners because they expand management's knowledge about personnel and allow them to optimize the work of workers. Herzberg created his own theory of motivation, which can be divided into two parts - hygiene and motivation.
By hygiene, Herzberg means the policies and management methods of the company, working conditions, salary, degree of protection; all these factors do not serve as motives for increasing productivity, but create moral satisfaction. The second part of the theory of motivation concerns the work itself, by performing which the employee achieves certain results, receives recognition from others, moves up the career ladder, increases his status, and has the opportunity to do what he loves. Managers must use both factors simultaneously - the hygiene factor and the motivation factor, creating such working conditions that the employee does not experience dissatisfaction.
If an employee can achieve results, gain recognition, find interest, and move up the career ladder, then he will work with maximum efficiency. True, Herzberg has another theory called KITA (a kick in the ass). This theory says: the easiest way to force a person to work is to give him KITA, because improving hygiene (increasing wages, working conditions, providing additional benefits - pensions, paid vacations, etc.) does not provide a long-term motivational effect. Motivation depends on how effectively workers are used, not how they are treated.
The main schools of Western sociology of labor (F. Taylor, E. Mayo, B. Skinner).Sociology of labor(in developed Western countries it is more often called industrial sociology) began to develop in the 20-30s. XX century Investigating problems related to the social essence of labor, industrial sociology places social-labor relations as an important object of analysis. One of the famous modern American sociologists F. Herzberg believes that Western sociology has analyzed the three most important approaches to studying and regulating the production behavior of workers.
First approach - scientific management, based on the one developed at the beginning of the 20th century. theories of the American engineer Fred Taylor (1856-1915). According to the theory, human labor efficiency increases by reducing the production task to simple operations that do not require complex labor skills. Piece, piecework, progressive-bonus wage systems caused an increase in labor productivity even for older and lazy workers. Timing of work operations in order to save movements and simplify labor functions, a detailed description of each operation, thorough instructions, hourly wages and a system of bonuses (large bonuses from the profits of enterprises, usually received once or twice a year for success in work), assembly lines - everything This scientific organization of production is widely and successfully used in industry to this day.
Taylor Frederick Winslow is an outstanding American researcher and practical manager who laid the foundation for the scientific organization of labor and rationalization in the field of management, the founder of management, and a representative of the scientific school of management. From 1890 to 1893, Taylor, general manager of the Manufacturing Investment Company in Philadelphia, owner of paper presses in Maine and Wisconsin, organized his own management consulting business, the first in the history of management. In 1906, Taylor became president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and in 1911 he founded the Society for the Advancement of Scientific Management (later called the Taylor Society). Since 1895, Taylor began his world-famous research on labor organization.
Taylor died on March 21, 1915 in Philadelphia from pneumonia. On his tombstone there is an inscription: “Father of Scientific Management.” Since 1895, Taylor began his world-famous research on labor organization. He is the creator of production planning as a discipline. Taylor researched factors affecting productivity and methods for rationally organizing work time. Based on the analysis of thousands of experiments, recommendations were formulated for organizing industrial production and training personnel. F. Taylor put forward the idea of narrow specialization, identified planning as the most important element in organizing production, and believed that professional managers should be involved in production planning.
Main work— “Principles of Scientific Management”, 1911.
The beginning of the second approach of sociology to regulating the production behavior of workers was carried out in the 20-30s. XX century American scientist Elton Mayo (1880-1949) famous Hawthorne experiments at the Western Electric Company near Chicago. Studying the influence of various factors on increasing production efficiency (work conditions and organization, wages, interpersonal relationships and leadership style, etc.), Elton Mayo showed the role of human and group factors.
In the concept of “human relations,” Elton Mayo focuses, firstly, on the fact that man is a social animal, oriented and included in the context of group behavior; secondly, a rigid hierarchy of subordination and bureaucratic organization are incompatible with human nature and his freedom; Third, industry leaders must focus more on people than products. This ensures social stability of society and individual job satisfaction. The second approach is called human relations management. It was with the second approach that American industrial sociology began. In modern conditions, important labor problems are studied and practically developed within its boundaries.
Mayo Elton- American psychologist, founder of the school of human relations in management, professor of industrial sociology at Harvard University, then professor of industrial studies at the Graduate School of Business and Administration. He received a philosophical medical education in the UK, then a financial education in the USA. He led a number of research projects and experiments, including Philadelphia and Hawthorne. Founded the movement “for the development of human relations.”
One of the founders of the school of human relations. He put forward the idea of humanizing labor at an industrial enterprise. He laid the foundations for the model of an organization as a community, and considered as its most important function the function of satisfying human social needs in the conditions of the crisis of American society, the breakdown of the family, and the decline in the role of traditional social institutions. He drew attention to the social nature of man (based on the thesis of man as a social animal), as well as the importance of a small group, leadership and informal organization in the regulation of human behavior.
He proposed to place emphasis in management on stimulating employee motivation and interest in the content of the activity. Questioned the universality of the role of monetary reward as a motive for activity. He emphasized the importance of intellectualizing executive functions, making the maximum possible use of rich human potential, and self-organization.
Hawthorne experiments- a working group led by E. Mayo at the Hawthorne factories near Chicago in 1927-1932. conducted experiments to study the impact of various technical and social factors on labor productivity; The original purpose of the study was to identify the relationship between workplace lighting levels and productivity levels.
Hawthorne Works- plant of the Western Electric Company in Chicago, telephone equipment was assembled at these plants; the number of workers was 25 thousand people; in 1983 the company was closed.
The third approach to regulating the production behavior of workers associated with the name of the American sociologist Burres Frederick Skinner and called situational management. Material social incentives are used here. Remuneration for work is carefully linked to the achievement of specific goals in the labor process, and the main concern of the manager has become the assessment of the employee’s performance and the provision of material and moral incentives.
