Kaluga
The Kaluga State Drama Theater has existed in Kaluga for more than 200 years. The day of the premiere is January 19, 1777 and is considered the birthday of the theater, built near the Zhirovsky ravine, on Tulskaya Street (now Saltykov-Shchedrin Street) in a stone barn. Large acting talents worked at the Kaluga Theater and gained all-Russian fame. Here began the artistic career of the founder of the famous acting dynasty P.M. Sadovsky, the wonderful Russian artist I.N. Pevtsova. Young S.G. Savina served in Kaluga. The largest Russian actors P. Mochalov, M. Shchepkin, G. Fedotova, V. Davydov and others toured here...
Kaluga State Drama Theater
Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the moat.
The Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary “on the moat” is the oldest building in Kaluga. It was built in 1687. The name of the temple, which replaced the old wooden church, recalls the fortress moat that once ran here along the wall of the wooden Kremlin.
Church of Cosmas and Damian
The Church of Cosmas and Damian is one of the most beautiful churches in Kaluga. This is the only architectural monument in the Baroque style in Kaluga. The church was built in 1794. The entire architectural appearance of the church allows us to consider the author of the project to be one of the students of the famous St. Petersburg architect V.V. Rastrelli. In 1937, the temple was finally closed and equipped for temporary detention of prisoners. In 1937, the temple was finally closed and equipped for temporary detention of prisoners. In the post-war years, a garage and utility warehouses were located here. On July 17, 1992, the temple was returned to the Kaluga diocese.
Chamber of Merchants Korobovs
The chambers of the Korobov merchants are one of the main attractions of Kaluga, the most valuable monument of ancient Russian architecture of the 17th century. The house belonged to the merchant and zemstvo elder Kirill Ivanovich Korobov. Kirill Ivanovich Korobov traded salt, bread and hemp not only in Kaluga, but also in the cities of central Russia. in 1897, the Provincial Historical Museum was opened in the Chambers of the Korobov merchants. The exhibition consisted of five showcases with archaeological finds, numismatics, and household items. The museum existed for 25 years - until 1922. Then he was transferred to the Zolotarev Estate. In 1997, on the 100th anniversary of the Kaluga Regional Museum of Local Lore, the Chambers were returned to it after restoration. Nowadays the house houses one of the exhibitions of the regional museum of local lore.
Monuments
St. George's Cathedral
Built in 1701. According to legend, the builder of the cathedral was the zemstvo elder Ivan Kirillovich Korobov. The temple was built in the “Moscow Baroque” style, distinguished by its slender proportions and richness of architectural details. From 1926 to 1999 the cathedral was a cathedral.
Monument to theater spectators.
The monument to theater spectators was erected in Kaluga on April 2, 2008. The monument is a sculpture cast in bronze of a girl holding a sign in her hands with the inscription “Is there an extra ticket?” This is the first monument in the world to erect a monument to a theater audience.
State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics named after. K.E.Tsiolkovsky
State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Kaluga is the world's first and largest space museum in Russia, created with the direct participation of S.P. Koroleva and Yu.A. Gagarin. In the halls of the museum you can get acquainted with the Russian history of practical astronautics, from the first artificial Earth satellite to modern long-term orbital stations. This is the history of the development of rocket technology in the USSR, starting from the 1920s, the activities of outstanding chief designers S.P. Korolev, V.P. Glushko, V.N. Chelomey, S.A. Kosberg, G.N. Babakin, A. M. Isaev and others. The museum fund contains more than 60,000 storage units, of which about 40,000 are the main fund. The unique exhibitions of the Museum of Cosmonautics reveal the history of aeronautics, aviation, and rocket and space technology. The scientific heritage of Tsiolkovsky, the founder of theoretical cosmonautics, a major inventor, and author of works on philosophy and sociology, is comprehensively presented.
The Kaluga region extends its wonderful expanses in the very center of the East European Plain. This marvelous region fascinates all travelers with its fabulous forests, which cover almost the entire region. The mild temperate continental climate provides the opportunity to enjoy all seasons while exploring this beautiful land.
The ancient Russian platform on which the region is located is replete with minerals. In the thickness of the earth you can find brown coal, limestone and phosphorites. Now let’s describe this region of relict forests in more detail in order to experience the beauty and pristine diversity of the local nature.
The region is located in two zones at once, which are distinguished based on the type of vegetation cover. Coniferous-deciduous forests have conquered the largest area for themselves and are now proudly replete with trees swaying rhythmically in the wind. Broad-leaved forests lurk in the central and eastern parts, which involuntarily attract the eyes of inquisitive researchers with their unprecedented beauty. However, in our time the composition of forests is steadily changing. Now the forests are gradually taking on a mixed form, with birch and aspen taking first place in terms of numbers.
The flora of the region is extremely rich. Vascular plants are represented by 1121 species. Just an unprecedented scale. Among this diversity, one can distinguish horsetails, similar to dwarf fir trees, and ferns, which once, in the past, were comparable in height to the tallest trees of our time. Mosses and lichens cover wet meadows and marshy areas with a continuous carpet, and algae reign supreme in numerous bodies of water. Mushrooms do not lag behind their brothers and extend their myceliums for hundreds of kilometers, hiding underground until the opportune moment when it becomes possible to emerge from the darkness to the surface.
The fauna is not inferior in diversity to the plant world. Three species of animals live and develop in the region: steppe species, northern and Western European ones. The large number of reservoirs in the Kaluga region and the extreme differences in living conditions in them have led to the fact that the number of fish species living in the region has exceeded 41. The waters are home to traditional fish species - pike, bream, roach and perch. There are numerous fish farms in the region engaged in the cultivation of silver carp and carp.
In dense forests you can find elk, wild boar, hare and even fox. Amphibians are represented by 11 species. These include various frogs, as well as newts and toads. There are 7 species of reptiles in the region. The most dangerous representative of this species is the viper, a poison that can lead to dire consequences if the bitten person is not provided with the necessary medical care in time. The harmless snake is the snake, which is quite common in these areas. Various lizards are also often found. In the Kaluga region there are 267 species of birds and about 68 species of mammals. The fauna of the region is extremely rich and deserves the attention of tourists who are engaged in wildlife research.
The temperate continental climate leads to fairly distinct seasons. The coldest is the northern part of the region, a little warmer in the central part. The warmest place on the map of the region is traditionally the south, the forest-steppe zone of which enjoys favorable weather conditions throughout the year. In winter, in January, in the Kaluga region the average temperature is -9 degrees. In summer, humidity increases extremely, and the average temperature in July is +19 degrees. The average annual temperature on the northern side of the region is +3 degrees, while on the southern tip of the Kaluga region this figure is +3.6 degrees.
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Kaluga region Galina Vladimirovna Koroleva MBOU “Secondary School No. 7”, Kaluga
The sun is shining over Russia, and the rains are rustling over it. In the whole world, in the whole world There is no country like her relatives!
General information about the Kaluga region Territory: Area: 29,900 km² (0.18% of the Russian Federation, 64th place in the Russian Federation) Population: Number: 1,011,600 people. (0.71% of the Russian Federation, 51st place in the Russian Federation). Density: 33.8 people/km² Geographical location and composition: The region includes: 24 districts, 3 city districts, 4 cities of regional subordination, 13 cities of regional subordination and 14 workers' villages. It is located in the European part of the Russian Federation, on the northwestern edge of the Central Russian Upland. It borders on the Moscow, Tula, Oryol, Bryansk and Smolensk regions. The main river is Oka. Distance from Kaluga to Moscow: 188 km Climatic conditions: Moderate continental climate. Average January temperature: -5.2°C. Average July temperature: +18.2°C. Part of: Central Federal District and Central Economic Region Minerals: Brown coal, phosphorites, refractory clays, quartz sands, limestones. Main industries: Mechanical engineering and metalworking (energy and transport engineering, machine tool and tool industry, instrument making), forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper (production of cellulose, wood pulp, paper and cardboard), light (textile, cotton, wool, primary processing flax, clothing), food (meat and dairy, food flavoring) industry, as well as fuel, electric power, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, building materials industry Agriculture: Dairy farming, pig farming, poultry farming, crop farming.
Kaluga region
Cities and districts of the Kaluga region Kaluga is the administrative center of the Kaluga region with a population of more than 330,000 people. Kaluga is located on the Oka River. The outstanding Russian scientist K.E. lived and worked here. Tsiolkovsky, therefore Kaluga is rightfully considered the cradle of astronautics. Obninsk is the second most populous city in the Kaluga region with a population of more than 105,000 people. Obninsk is located in the north of the region, on the Central Russian Upland, on the Protva River, which is a tributary of the Oka. Obninsk is considered the first science city in Russia. Maloyaroslavets is the administrative center of the Maloyaroslavets district with a population of more than 30,000 people. Located on the banks of the Luzha River. It is the most comfortable city in the Kaluga region and the second most comfortable city in Russia (for cities with a population of up to 100,000 people). Lyudinovo is the administrative center of the Lyudinovo district of the Kaluga region with a population of more than 40,000. Lyudinovo is located on the banks of the Psur River. Kirov is the administrative center of the Kirovsky district of the Kaluga region with a population of about 40,000 people. Kirov is located on the Bolva River. Initially it had the name "Sand" and the status of a village. In honor of the Russian revolutionary and Soviet statesman Sergei Kirov, the village of Pesochnya received the status of a city and the name "Kirov". Balabanovo is a city in the Kaluga region, located in the Borovsky district, with a population of more than 23,000 people. Currently it has the status of an urban settlement. Borovsk is the administrative center of the Borovsky district with a population of about 12,000 people. 10 years ago it received the status of a historical city of Russia.
Cities and districts of the Kaluga region Sosensky is a city with a population of about 12,000 people, founded because of the mines in the Moscow region coal basin. Initially, the village was called Shepelevsky. Near the city there is a natural-historical monument and anomalous zone “Devil's Settlement”. Vorotynsk is a village in the Kaluga region with a population of about 11,000 people. Located in the Babyninsky district. Located on the Vyssa River. Tarusa is the administrative center of the Tarussky district of the Kaluga region with a population of about 10,000 people. The city is located on the Tarusa River. Tarusa is a natural and architectural reserve, one of the historical cities of Russia. Medyn is the regional center of the Medynsky district of the Kaluga region with a population of about 8,000 people. The city is located on the Medynka River. It is believed that the name came either from the Lithuanian word medinis, which means “wooden”, or from the Slavic root “honey”, which characterizes the occupation - beekeeping - of the then settlers. Yukhnov is the administrative center of the Yukhnovsky district of the Kaluga region with a population of about 7,000 people. Yukhnov is located on the banks of the Ugra River. In the 20s, the city was almost completely razed to the ground due to a fire, but was soon rebuilt. Zhizdra is the administrative center of the Zhizdra district with a population of about 6,000 people. Located in the south of the Kaluga region.
Location of the Kaluga Region Kaluga Region is located in the center of the East European Plain in river basins. Oka and Desna. In the west it borders on the Smolensk region, in the north - on the Moscow region, in the southwest - on the Bryansk region, in the south - on the Oryol region and in the east - on the Tula region. Within its modern borders, the Kaluga region occupies an area of 29.9 thousand km2. The Kaluga region is part of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. It is an administrative entity with a regional center - the city of Kaluga and 24 districts, which include 22 cities, 12 urban-type settlements, 3250 rural settlements.
Location of the Kaluga Region The Kaluga Region is located in a forest zone, within which two subzones are distinguished: a subzone of mixed, coniferous-deciduous forests growing on sod-podzolic soils, and a subzone of deciduous forests, where gray forest soils are located. The eastern and southeastern parts of the region belong to the subzone of broad-leaved forests, and the rest - most of it - to the subzone of mixed forests. The presence of forest vegetation plays a significant water-regulating role, increasing river flow resources and natural groundwater resources.
Location of Kaluga Kaluga is located on the river. Oka, 180 km southwest of Moscow. Kaluga is an industrial, scientific and cultural center; a junction of railways and highways for interregional and international communication is concentrated here. Obninsk is one of 10 scientific centers in the country, which has gained worldwide fame in the field of nuclear energy, agricultural and medical radiology, and modern composite technologies, located 100 km southwest of Moscow and 88 km north of Kaluga. In Obninsk, on June 27, 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant came into operation.
Industries of the Kaluga region Leading industry: mechanical engineering and metalworking (represented by turbines, high-precision instruments and defense equipment, equipment and mechanisms for servicing railway transport facilities, telegraph and electronic equipment, diesel locomotives, consumer goods) - in Kaluga, Lyudinovo. The mining industry is developed in Kozelsky, Dzerzhinsky, Duminichsky, Spas-Demensky districts; woodworking and pulp and paper - g.g. Balabanovo, Kondrovo, Linen Plant; glass and porcelain - Kirov, village. Sosensky; light - (production of footwear, clothing) - Kaluga, Obninsk, Borovsk; food - in all cities. The region operates a large underground gas storage facility. In agriculture, the leading place is occupied by livestock farming (meat - dairy farming, pig breeding, poultry farming are developed), crop farming is aimed at creating a feed base for livestock farming, while the production of food grains, vegetables and industrial crops is also developing. Mineral resources of the Kaluga region are presented; brown coals; plaster, chalk; refractory, refractory and low-melting clays for the production of bricks and expanded clay; clays for mineral paints, clays for drilling fluids; glass and molding sands; sands for construction work and the production of silicate products; peat; underground waters, fresh and mineral. The location of the Kaluga region in the central part of the Russian Plain. The territory of the region is a hilly, sometimes flat plain, densely dissected by river valleys, gullies and hollows. Absolute surface elevations vary from 120-140 m in river valleys to 230-279 m on watersheds.
Nature reserves of the Kaluga Region Nature Reserve "Kaluga Zaseki" The reserve was founded on November 5, 1992. The Kaluga Zaseki Nature Reserve is located in the southeast of the Kaluga region on the territory bordering the Oryol and Tula regions. The reserve includes two sections: Northern and Southern. The total area is 18,533 hectares. About 20 rivers and streams flow through the reserve. There are 703 species of plants recorded in the reserve. On the territory of the reserve there are 55 species of mammals, 178 species of birds, 5 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 21 species of fish. About 450 species of butterflies have been recorded. The bison lives on the territory of the Southern section
Nature reserves of the Kaluga region
bunting common gray partridge
Long-eared owl chick oak
The national park is located in six administrative districts of the Kaluga region: Yukhnovsky, Iznoskovsky, Dzerzhinsky, Peremyshlsky, Babyninsky and Kozelsky. The total area of the park is 98,623 hectares (of which: 43,922 hectares are forest fund lands, 1,326 hectares are in the possession of the water fund, 53,375 hectares are lands without seizure). The park consists of three sections - Ugorsky (64,184 hectares), Vorotynsky (3,171 hectares) and Zhizdrinsky (31,268 hectares), and three separate clusters. The protected zone around the park is 46,109 hectares. Since 2002 - UNESCO biosphere reserve. The territory of the park has long been a tourist area; water routes along the Ugra, Zhizdra and Oka are very popular.
The Ugra National Park is located in the valleys of the Oka, Zhizdra and Ugra rivers. The Zhizdra and Ugra rivers are the left tributaries of the river. Oka at its top. The river floodplains are crossed by hollows, ridges and old rivers. The channels are predominantly sandy or clayey-sandy, sometimes with a rocky bottom. It’s not for nothing that Ugra is called “the pearl of Central Russian nature.” This is one of the cleanest and most picturesque rivers in the center of Russia. But it’s not just the beauty of the landscape that attracts people to these places. The history of Russian statehood, marked by the “Great Stand” and the retreat of the Golden Horde in 1480, is connected with Ugra. No less unique is the historical and natural heritage of another section of the national park - the Zhizdra River. The dense deciduous forests of this river were part of the “Zasechnaya Line”, which protected the Moscow state from the raids of the steppe inhabitants. Large centers of the spiritual life of Russians arose here - the famous Optina Pustyn and Kazan Ambrosievsky monasteries. The Ugra National Park is part of the mixed forest zone. The total forest cover of the territory is about 63%. The largest forests are located in the river basin. Ugra and on the left bank of the Zhizdra.
moose bear with calf
Lake Tsarskoe
Yagodnaya village
Nature reserve "Tarusa" State nature reserve "Tarusa", based on the reserve and hunting reserve "Badsuki", is located on the border of the Moscow and Kaluga regions, 125 km southwest of Moscow. A total area of 46.9 thousand hectares is home to elk, wild boar, sika deer, deer, beavers, foxes, hares, upland and waterfowl; There are about 37 species of fish in ponds and rivers
Natural monument “Kaluga Bor” In the west of Kaluga, between the Oka and Yachenskoye reservoirs, the urban Kaluga forest is located, the area of which is 1044 hectares. The city forest is divided into 23 blocks, the highway divides it into northern and southern parts. This unique forest area consists of 78% pine forest, the age of the trees is 180-200 years, and some pines are 300 years old. The height of many pines reaches forty meters. The remaining trees of the forest are coniferous-deciduous phytocenoses, consisting of elm, oak, ash, linden, maple, aspen, birch and other species. The Kaluga forest has been known since 1626; the entire history of the Kaluga region is closely intertwined with it. Traces of Vyatichi settlements dating back to the 11th-13th centuries were found on the territory of the forest. There are five small bogs here, the most interesting of which is the sphagnum raised bog, where blueberries, cranberries, and cotton grass grow. Such a swamp is the only one in the vicinity of Kaluga. The fauna and flora of the urban forest are very diverse. More than five hundred species of plants grow in it, and about sixty species of birds live in the forest. On the territory of the forest there are fourteen artesian wells that provide Kaluga with drinking water. In May 1991, the urban Kaluga forest received the status of a Russian natural monument.
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Kaluga is located on the left elevated bank of the Oka River at the confluence of the Yacheyka River, 188 kilometers southwest of Moscow. According to the structure of the relief, the urban area is a slightly undulating plateau with a general smooth slope from north to south and southeast, towards the Oka River, where it ends with steep slopes cut by deep ravines, or gently turns into a coastal floodplain, significantly modified as a result of its long-term economic development. development.
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In the Quaternary period1, the area occupied by Kaluga and its immediate surroundings were subject to continental glaciation, which had a strong impact on the relief, composition and structure of the upper layers of the earth's surface. Directly under the soil cover lie moraines (glacial deposits), which are a multi-meter layer of clay, loam, sand and gravel. Below this layer there are rocks of an older, Carboniferous age, where, in addition to clay-sand layers, there are limestones and thin layers of brown coal. There are aquifer-bearing horizons at different levels. In a number of places, groundwater rises close to the surface, and the upper clay-sand layers, washed away by watercourses, sometimes settle or move horizontally. Landslides occur here and there. To prevent these undesirable phenomena, certain sections of coastal and ravine slopes are strengthened with drainage devices and tree and shrub plantings.
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mechanical engineering and metalworking (energy and transport engineering, machine tool and tool industry, instrument making), forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper (production of cellulose, wood pulp, paper and cardboard), light (textile, cotton, wool, primary processing of flax, clothing), food (meat and dairy, food flavoring) industry, as well as fuel, electric power, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, construction materials industry. Agriculture: dairy farming, pig farming, poultry farming, crop farming.
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Kaluga is a beautiful, ancient city located on the hills of the left bank of the Oka River. An abundance of architectural and historical monuments preserved in Kaluga since the 17th century
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Kaluga craftsmen are famous for hand weaving, embroidery, clay toys, and pottery. In Kaluga there is a drama theater, a youth theater, a puppet theater, and many museums, the most famous of which, of course, is the State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics. Kaluga is a large industrial and scientific center. The population of the city and region is more than 1 million people.
