Childhood Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova was born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Yaroslavl Region, into a peasant family of immigrants from Belarus. Father is a tractor driver, mother is a textile factory worker. In 1945, she entered secondary school 32 in the city of Yaroslavl, where she graduated from seven classes in 1953. In 1945, she entered secondary school 32 in the city of Yaroslavl, where she graduated from seven classes in 1953. In 1954, Valentina went to work at the Yaroslavl tire plant, while simultaneously enrolling in evening classes at a school for working youth. In 1954, Valentina went to work at the Yaroslavl tire plant, while simultaneously enrolling in evening classes at a school for working youth.
Youth Since 1959, she has been involved in parachuting at the Yaroslavl flying club (performed 90 jumps). Since 1959, she has been involved in parachuting at the Yaroslavl flying club (performed 90 jumps). From 1955 to 1960, Valentina completed correspondence studies at the College of Light Industry. From 1955 to 1960, Valentina completed correspondence studies at the College of Light Industry. Since August 11, 1960, released secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Krasny Perekop plant. Since August 11, 1960, released secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Krasny Perekop plant.
Service in the cosmonaut detachment March 12, 1962 - by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force 67, she was enrolled in the cosmonaut detachment of the Air Force Cosmonaut Training Center for the position of student-cosmonaut of the 2nd detachment. March 12, 1962 - by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force 67, she was enrolled in the cosmonaut detachment of the Air Force Cosmonaut Center for the position of student-cosmonaut of the 2nd detachment. Since December 1, 1962 - cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. Since December 1, 1962 - cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. Since June 16, 1963 - instructor-cosmonaut at the Air Force Training Center. Since June 16, 1963 - instructor-cosmonaut at the Air Force Training Center. Since March 14, 1966 - instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment. Since March 14, 1966 - instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment.
Service in the cosmonaut corps Since April 30, 1969 - instructor-cosmonaut of the cosmonaut corps of the 1st department of the 1st directorate. Since April 30, 1969 - instructor-cosmonaut of the cosmonaut detachment of the 1st department of the 1st directorate. Since March 30, 1976 - instructor-cosmonaut of a group of orbital ships and stations. Since March 30, 1976 - instructor-cosmonaut of a group of orbital ships and stations. Since January 25, 1982 - instructor-cosmonaut-tester of a group of orbital manned complexes for general and special purposes. Since January 25, 1982 - instructor-cosmonaut-tester of a group of orbital manned complexes for general and special purposes. Since October 9, 1986 - instructor-cosmonaut-tester of the 1st group of the cosmonaut detachment. Since October 9, 1986 - instructor-cosmonaut-tester of the 1st group of the cosmonaut detachment. April 28, 1997 - By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation 429, she was dismissed from the Armed Forces and expelled from the cosmonaut corps due to reaching the age limit. April 28, 1997 - By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation 429, she was dismissed from the Armed Forces and expelled from the cosmonaut corps due to reaching the age limit.
First flight On June 16, 1963 at 12:30 Moscow time in the Soviet Union, the Vostok-6 spacecraft was launched into Earth satellite orbit for the first time in the world, piloted by a female citizen of the Soviet Union, cosmonaut Comrade Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft was in orbit, launched on June 14, 1963, piloted by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky.
The main objectives of the flight: continued study of the influence of various factors of space flight on the human body; continued study of the influence of various factors of space flight on the human body; conducting a comparative analysis of the impact of these factors on the bodies of men and women; conducting a comparative analysis of the impact of these factors on the bodies of men and women; carrying out a new volume of medical and biological research and further development; carrying out a new volume of medical and biological research and further development; improvement of manned spacecraft systems in joint flight conditions. improvement of manned spacecraft systems in joint flight conditions.
“Chaika” The flight duration was 2 days 22 hours 50 minutes. Tereshkova’s call sign for the duration of the flight is “Chaika”. During the flight, Tereshkova could not cope with the tasks of orienting the ship. Cosmonaut Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova satisfactorily endured the launch of the spacecraft into orbit and the transition to a state of weightlessness. Comrade Tereshkova is feeling good. Cosmonaut Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova satisfactorily endured the launch of the spacecraft into orbit and the transition to a state of weightlessness. Comrade Tereshkova is feeling good.
Life after the flight Since 1968, he has been working in Soviet, and later Russian, public organizations. Since 1968, he has been working in Soviet, and later Russian, public organizations. For years she was the chairman of the Soviet Women's Committee. For years she was the chairman of the Soviet Women's Committee. In the years - Chairman of the Presidium of the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. In the years - Chairman of the Presidium of the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. In 1992, she was the chairman of the presidium of the Russian Association for International Cooperation. In 1992, she was the chairman of the presidium of the Russian Association for International Cooperation. In the years - First Deputy Chairman of the Russian Agency for International Cooperation and Development. In the years - First Deputy Chairman of the Russian Agency for International Cooperation and Development.
Merits of Valentina Tereshkova Member of the World Peace Council, honorary member of many organizations. Candidate of Technical Sciences. Candidate of Technical Sciences. Major General of Aviation. Hero of the Soviet Union, awarded multiple orders and medals. A crater on the Moon is named after Tereshkova.
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"First to the Stars"
Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna The first female cosmonaut.
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova - Soviet cosmonaut, the first female cosmonaut on Earth, Hero of the Soviet Union, Major General.
Valentina Tereshkova Born on March 6, 1937, in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Yaroslavl region, into a peasant family. As Valentina Vladimirovna herself said, as a child she spoke Belarusian with her family.
Father is a tractor driver, mother is a textile factory worker. In 1945, the girl entered secondary school No. 32 in the city of Yaroslavl, where she graduated from seven classes in 1953. To help her family, in 1954 Valentina went to work at the Yaroslavl Tire Factory as a bracelet maker, while simultaneously enrolling in evening classes at a school for working youth.
Since 1959, she has been involved in parachuting at the Yaroslavl flying club (performed 90 jumps). Continuing to work at the Krasny Perekop textile mill, from 1955 to 1960 Valentina completed correspondence studies at the Light Industry College. Since August 11, 1960 - released secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Krasny Perekop plant.
In the cosmonaut corps
After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, Sergei Korolev had the idea to launch a female cosmonaut into space. At the beginning of 1962, the search for applicants began. Out of hundreds of candidates, five were chosen: Zhanna Yorkina, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomareva, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova. Immediately after being accepted into the cosmonaut corps, Valentina Tereshkova was called up for compulsory military service with the rank of private. Sergey Korolev
Female Cosmonaut Squad
Valentina Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut detachment on March 12, 1962 and began training as a cosmonaut student of the 2nd detachment. On November 29, 1962, she passed her final exams with excellent marks. Since December 1, 1962, she has been a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department.
Zhanna Yorkina, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomareva, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova.
Valentina Tereshkova made her space flight (the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut) on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft; it lasted almost three days. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky (husband), was in orbit. On the day of her first flight into space, Valentina Tereshkova told her family that she was leaving for a parachute competition; they learned about the flight from the news on the radio. The Vostok-6 lander landed safely in the Altai Territory. V. Bykovsky
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From April 30, 1969 - April 28, 1997 - test instructor-cosmonaut of the group of orbital manned complexes for general and special purposes, 1st group of cosmonaut corps. Tereshkova remained in the detachment, and in 1982 she could even be appointed commander of the female crew of the Soyuz spacecraft. On April 30, 1997, Tereshkova left the squad due to reaching the age limit. Since 1997, she has been a senior researcher at the Cosmonaut Training Center.
After completing the space flight, Tereshkova entered and graduated with honors from the Air Force Engineering Academy named after. N. E. Zhukovsky, became a candidate of technical sciences, professor, author of more than 50 scientific papers.
Military rank December 15, 1962 - junior lieutenant June 16, 1963 - lieutenant June 16, 1963 - captain January 9, 1965 - major October 14, 1967 - lieutenant colonel April 30, 1970 - engineer-colonel, since 1975 - colonel-engineer 1995 - major general S On April 30, 1997 he retired.
Interesting facts
A crater on the Moon and the minor planet 1671 Chaika are named after her. She was awarded the honorary title “The Greatest Woman of the 20th Century.” An embankment in Evpatoria is named after her.
Streets in Vitebsk, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Klin, Korolev, Lipetsk, Mytishchi, Ardatov, Odessa, and other cities are named after her. An avenue in the city of Gudermes is named after her
School No. 32 in the city of Yaroslavl, where she studied, is named after her. Museum of V.V. Tereshkova “Cosmos” not far from her home village.
In 1983, a commemorative coin with the image of V. Tereshkova was issued. Thus, Valentina Tereshkova became the only Soviet citizen whose portrait was placed on a Soviet coin during her lifetime.
Monument to Valentina Tereshkova in Moscow
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Savitskaya Svetlana Evgenievna Tereshkova Valentina Vladimirovna Savitskaya Svetlana Evgenievna Adamchuk Nadezhda Ivanovna Kondakova Elena Vladimirovna
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The world's first female astronaut. She was born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Maslennikovo, Tutaevsky district, Yaroslavl region, into a family of collective farmers. She graduated from a seven-year school, then an evening school for working youth. She was involved in parachuting and made 163 parachute jumps. She was awarded the first category in parachuting. In 1962 she was enrolled in the corps of Soviet cosmonauts (1962 Group of Women Cosmonauts No. 1). Completed a full training course for flights on Vostok-class ships. On June 16 - 19, 1963, she was the first woman in the world to fly into space on the Vostok-6 spacecraft. The flight was quite difficult, and this was probably one of the reasons that the woman’s next flight into space took place only 19 years later. The flight duration was 2 days 22 hours 50 minutes. Tereshkova entered the Military Engineering Academy named after N. E. Zhukovsky, which she successfully graduated in 1969, receiving the specialty of pilot-cosmonaut-engineer.
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Russian cosmonaut. Born on August 8, 1948 in Moscow. Daughter of twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Air Marshal Evgeniy Yakovlevich SAVITSKY. She completed a full course of training for space flights on Soyuz T-type spacecraft and the Salyut orbital station. From August 19 to 27, 1982, she made her first flight into space as a research cosmonaut on the Soyuz T-7 spacecraft. She worked on board the Salyut-7 orbital station. The flight duration was 7 days 21 hours 52 minutes 24 seconds. From July 17 to July 25, 1984, she made her second flight into space as a flight engineer on the Soyuz T-12 spacecraft. While working on board the Salyut-7 orbital station on July 25, 1984, she was the first woman to perform a spacewalk. The time spent in outer space was 3 hours 35 minutes. The duration of the space flight was 11 days 19 hours 14 minutes 36 seconds. During 2 flights into space she flew 19 days 17 hours 7 minutes. After the second space flight, she worked at NPO Energia (Deputy Head of the Chief Designer Department). He is qualified as a 2nd class test cosmonaut instructor.
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Employee of the Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 1996, she was included in the group of Ukrainian cosmonauts to undergo training for flights on Space Shuttle ships. In November 1996, she arrived in the United States to undergo pre-flight training, but soon due to medical reasons she was forced to interrupt the training and return to Ukraine. Currently he continues his work at the Institute of Botany.
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Elena Vladimirovna was the third Russian female cosmonaut and the first woman to make a long flight into space. Her first flight into space took place on October 4, 1994 as part of the Soyuz TM-20 expedition, returning to Earth on March 22, 1995 after a 5-month flight at the Mir orbital station. Kondakova's second flight was as a specialist on the American space shuttle Atlantis as part of the Atlantis expedition STS-84 in May 1997. She was included in the cosmonaut corps in 1989. Since 1999 - Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation from the United Russia party.
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Tracy Caldwell Karen Nyberg Janice Elaine Voss Ellen Ochoa Tamara Elizabeth Jernigan Julia Payette Pamela Ann Melroy Marie Ellen Weber Kalpana Chawla Patricia Hillard Katarina Grace Coleman Susan Jane Helms Eileen Maria Collins Sanita Williams Nancy Jane Kerry Jeanette Lyn Kavandi Megan McArthur Barbara Morgan Nicole Stott
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US astronaut candidate. Born on August 14, 1969 in Arcadia (California, USA). In 1987 she graduated from Beaumont High School in Beaumont (California, USA). She graduated from California State University in 1993 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. In 1995 she was awarded a master's degree in chemistry from the University of California. She worked in a chemical research laboratory at the University of California. On June 5, 1998, she enlisted in the NASA astronaut corps (1998 NASA Group #17).
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STATUS: Active NASA astronaut. DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: Born October 8, 1956 in the city of South Bend (Indiana, USA). EDUCATION: 1972 – Minnechaug Regional Night School in Vibraham (Massachusetts, USA); 1973 – 1975 – correspondence studies at Oklahoma State University; 1975 – Pard University (Bachelor of Engineering); 1977 – Pard University (Master in Electronics); 1987 – MIT (PhD in Aeronautics). WORK: 1973 – 1975 and 1977 – 1987 – work at the NASA Johnson Space Center; 1987 – 1990 – work at Orbital Sciences Corporation. SPACE ACTIVITY: January 1990 - selected to the NASA cosmonaut corps; March 1990 - July 1991 - general space training at the NASA Johnson Space Center.
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DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: May 7, 1959 in Chattonooga (Tennessee, USA). EDUCATION: 1977 - Santa Fe High School in Santa Fe Spring (California, USA); 1981 - Stanford University (Bachelor's in Physics); 1983 - Stanford University (Master of Engineering); 1985 - University of Berkeley (Master's in Astronomy); 1988 - Rice University (Doctorate in Space Physics and Astronomy). WORK IN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS: 1981 - 1982 - work at the NASA Ame Research Center. She was engaged in astrophysical research.
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STATUS: Active NASA astronaut. DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: Born September 17, 1961 in Palo Alto (California, USA). EDUCATION: 1979 – Bishop Kearney High School in Rochester (New York, USA); 1983 – Wellesley College (BA in Physics and Astronomy); 1984 - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Master's in Earth and Planetary Physics); 1985 - initial pilot training school at Libbock Air Force Base (Texas, USA); 1991 - test pilot school at Edwards Air Force Base (California, USA). SERVICE: In the US Air Force since 1983. 1985-1991 - co-pilot, first pilot, instructor pilot of the KC-10 transport aircraft at Barksdale Air Force Base (Louisiana, USA). Participant in Operation Desert Storm, more than 200 hours of combat missions. 1991-1994 - test pilot in the 17th joint test air unit. Has a total flight time of more than 4000 hours on 45 types of aircraft. SPACE ACTIVITY: December 1994 - selected to the NASA cosmonaut corps; March 1995 - March 1996 - general space training at the NASA Johnson Space Center.
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US astronaut. She was born on July 1, 1961 in the city of Karnal in the state of Punjab in India. In 1988, she began working as a researcher at the IRU Institute in San Jose, California, performing work for NASA. She joined the NASA astronaut corps in 1995 (1995 NASA Group No. 15). She completed a full course of general space training and preparation for flights on Space Shuttle ships. From November 19 to December 5, 1997, she flew into space as a payload specialist on the Columbia spacecraft (STS-87). The flight lasted 15 days 16 hours 35 minutes 1 second.
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DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: December 14, 1960 in Charleston (South Carolina, USA). SPACE ACTIVITY: Since March 1992 - in the NASA cosmonaut corps. Flights into space: from October 20 to November 5, 1995 as a flight specialist for the Columbia spacecraft under the STS-73 program lasting 15 days 2 hours 52 minutes 21 seconds; from July 23 to July 28, 1999 as a flight specialist for the Columbia spacecraft under the STS-93 program lasting 4 days 22 hours 49 minutes 35 seconds. During 2 flights into space she flew 20 days 01 hours 41 minutes 54 seconds. In addition, she was trained as a reserve flight specialist under the STS-83 program.
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DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: November 19, 1956 in Elmira (New York, USA). SPACE ACTIVITY: Since January 1990 - in the NASA cosmonaut corps. Flights into space: from November 21 to November 29, 1995 as a pilot of the Atlantis spacecraft under the STS-63 program lasting 8 days 4 hours 31 minutes 44 seconds; from May 15 to 24, 1997 as a pilot of the Atlantis spacecraft under the STS-84 program lasting 9 days 5 hours 20 minutes 46 seconds; from July 23 to July 28, 1999 as commander of the Columbia ship under the STS-93 program lasting 4 days 22 hours 49 minutes 35 seconds. During 3 flights into space she flew 22 days 8 hours 42 minutes 5 seconds. The first woman in the history of American astronautics to become first a pilot and then a commander of a reusable spacecraft.
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US astronaut. Born on December 29, 1958 in Wilmington (Delaware, USA), she has been working at NASA since 1987. She was involved in the development of simulators for reusable spacecraft of the Space Shuttle system. In January 1990, she joined the NASA astronaut corps. She made her first space flight from June 21 to July 1, 1993, together with Ronald GRABE, Brian DUFFY, David LOW, Janice VOSS and Peter WISOFF as a flight specialist for the Endeavor spacecraft under the STS-57 program. The flight duration was 9 days 23 hours 45 minutes. During 3 flights into space she flew 30 days 17 hours 23 minutes 47 seconds.
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STATUS: Active NASA astronaut. DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: Born July 17, 1959 in Springfield (Missouri, USA). SPACE ACTIVITY: December 1994 - selected to the NASA cosmonaut corps; March 1995 - March 1997 - general space training at NASA Johnson Space Center. SPACE FLIGHTS: 1st flight - from June 2 to June 12, 1998 as a flight specialist for the Discovery spacecraft under the STS-91 program lasting 9 days 19 hours 53 minutes 53 seconds. The main objective of the flight was docking with the Russian orbital complex "Mir" and work on board it. Over two flights, she flew 21 days, 1 hour, 33 minutes, 34 seconds.
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DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: August 30, 1971 in Honolulu (Hawaii, USA). EDUCATION: 1989 - St. Francis High School in Mount View (California, USA); 1993 - University of California (Bachelor's in Aerospace Studies); 2000 - University of California (doctorate in oceanography, external). WORK: Recently she worked at the Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla (California, USA). SPACE ACTIVITY: On July 27, 2000, she was enrolled in the NASA cosmonaut corps (18th cohort).
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US astronaut candidate. Born November 28, 1951 in Fresno (California, USA). In 1969 she graduated from Hoover High School in Fresno (California, USA). She graduated from Stanford University in 1973 with a bachelor's degree in anatomy. She taught in high school. In 1985, she was selected by NASA for a space flight aboard the Space Shuttle system under the Teacher in Space program. She was a backup for another teacher, Christa McAULIFF, who died during the launch of the Challenger space shuttle in 1986. In subsequent years, she continued to work in high school. On June 5, 1998, she enlisted in the NASA astronaut corps (1998 NASA Group #17).
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DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: November 19, 1962 in Albany (New York, USA). EDUCATION: 1980 - high school in Cleaver (Florida, USA); 1987 - Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (BS in Aeronautics); 1992 - Central Florida University (Master's in Engineering Research). WORK: Most recently she worked at the NASA Johnson Space Center. SPACE ACTIVITY: On July 27, 2000, he joined the NASA cosmonaut corps (18th intake).
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DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: October 7, 1969 in Parkers Praye (Minnesota, USA). EDUCATION: 1988 - high school in Henning (Minnesota, USA); 1994 - North Dakota State University (BS in Mechanical Engineering); 1996 - University of Texas (Master's in Mechanical Engineering); 1998 - University of Texas (Doctorate in Mechanical Engineering). JOB: Most recently worked at the NASA Johnson Space Center. SPACE ACTIVITY: On July 27, 2000, he joined the NASA cosmonaut corps (18th cohort).
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DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: May 10, 1958 in Los Angeles (California, USA). SPACE ACTIVITY: Since January 1990 - in the NASA cosmonaut corps. The first flight into space took place from April 8 to 17, 1993 as a flight specialist on the Discovery spacecraft under the STS-56 program lasting 9 days 6 hours 8 minutes. During 3 flights into space she flew 20 days 23 hours 55 minutes 1 second.
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DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: October 20, 1963 in Montreal (Quebec, Canada). SPACE ACTIVITY: Since June 1992 - in the cosmonaut corps of the Canadian Space Agency. Since August 1996, she underwent training at NASA Johnson Space Center. Flights into space: from May 27 to June 6, 1999 as a flight specialist on the Discovery spacecraft under the STS-96 program lasting 9 days 19 hours 13 minutes 1 second. AWARDS AND HONORABLE TITLES: NASA Medal “For Space Flight” (1999).
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STATUS: Active NASA astronaut. DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: Born August 24, 1962 in Cleveland (Ohio, USA). SPACE ACTIVITY: 1992 - selected to the NASA cosmonaut corps; 1992 - 1993 - general space training at the NASA Johnson Space Center. AWARDS: NASA Medals "For Space Flight" (1995, 2000).
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US astronaut candidate. Born March 12, 1963 in Indiana (Pennsylvania, USA). In 1980 she graduated from Homer-Center High School in Homer City (Pennsylvania, USA). She graduated from Indiana University in 1985 with a bachelor's degree in biology. In 1989, she was awarded a doctorate in medicine from the Pennsylvania College of Medicine. She worked in the medical unit at the Johnson Space Center. On June 5, 1998, she enlisted in the NASA astronaut corps (1998 NASA Group #17).
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STATUS: Active NASA astronaut. DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: Born February 26, 1958 in Charleston (North Carolina, USA). SPACE ACTIVITY: January 1990 - selected to the NASA cosmonaut corps; March 1990 - July 1991 - general space training at the NASA Johnson Space Center. SPACE FLIGHTS: 1st flight - from January 13 to 19, 1993 as a flight specialist for the Endeavor spacecraft under the STS-54 program lasting 5 days 23 hours 38 minutes 19 seconds. AWARDS: NASA Medals for Space Flight (1993, 1994, 1996, 2000).
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Lee So-yeon (Korea) Chiaki Mukai (Japan) Roberta Lynn Bondar (Canada) Helen Patricia Sharman (UK) Claudie Haignere (France)
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Date and place of birth: Born on April 27 (according to other sources - June 2), 1978 in the city of Gwangju. Launched on April 8, 2008 at 11:16:38.922 UTC (15:16:39 Moscow time) on the Soyuz TMA-12 spacecraft as a participant in the space flight under the visiting expedition program (EP-14) together with Sergei Volkov and Oleg Kononenko. On April 10 at 12:57 UTC (16:57 Moscow time), the Soyuz TMA-12 spacecraft automatically docked to the International Space Station (to the docking port on the Pirs module). The flight duration was 10 days 21 hours 13 minutes 05 seconds.
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Date and place of birth: Born December 4, 1945 in the city of Sault Ste. Marie in the province of Ontario in Canada. First flight From January 22 to January 30, 1992, as a payload specialist on the Discovery STS-42 crew. The main payload is the International Microgravity Laboratory-1. The flight duration was 8 days 1 hour 15 minutes 43 seconds.
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Date and place of birth: Born on May 30, 1963 in the city of Sheffield in the county of South Yorkshire in England, but lived with her parents in the Sheffield suburb of Grenoside. First flight From May 18 to May 26, 1991. Launched on the Soyuz TM-12 spacecraft together with the crew of the 9th main expedition to the Mir space station. Crew: Artsebarsky A.P. - K.K. Krikalev S.K. - BI. Sharman Helen (Great Britain). - K-I. The flight duration was 7 days 21 hours 14 minutes. In 1990, she was nominated as one of three British candidates to participate in the second European Astronaut Selection, organized by ESA. She managed to pass the first, medical stage, and on November 15 she was named among the 25 semi-finalists of the selection. However, it did not undergo further selection, and there was not a single British representative in the group of European astronauts formed in the spring of 1992.
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Date and place of birth: Born on May 13, 1957 in France, in the city of Xe Creusot (Le Creusot) in the department of Burgundy (Bourgogne). First flight From August 17 to September 2, 1996, she flew as a research cosmonaut under the Cassiopeia program on the Soyuz TM-24 spacecraft (landing on the Soyuz TM-23 spacecraft) together with Valery Korzun (ship commander) and Alexander Kaleri (flight engineer) docked with the Mir station on August 19, on board of which was an international crew consisting of Yuri Onufrienko, Yuri Usachev and Shannon Lucid (USA). Returned to Earth together with Yuri Onufrienko and Yuri Usachev. The flight duration was 15 days 18 hours 23 minutes.
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Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937, Bolshoye Maslennikovo village, Tutaevsky district, Yaroslavl region, RSFSR, USSR) - Soviet cosmonaut, the world's first female cosmonaut (1963), Hero of the Soviet Union (1963), Hero of Socialist Labor of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( 1963), Hero of Socialist Labor of the People's Republic of Belarus (1963), Hero of Labor of Vietnam (1971), Hero of Labor of the MPR, Major General (1995), Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor. Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR No. 6, 10th cosmonaut of the world. The only woman in the world to fly solo in space. The first woman in Russia with the rank of major general. Deputy of the State Duma of the VI convocation from United Russia.
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Valentina Tereshkova was born in the now defunct village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo near the town of Tutaev, Yaroslavl region, into a peasant family of immigrants from Belarus. Russian. Father - Vladimir Aksenovich Tereshkov (1912-1940), originally from the village of Vyylovo, Belynichi district, Mogilev region, tractor driver. He was drafted into the Red Army in 1939 and died in the Soviet-Finnish War. Mother - Tereshkova (nee Kruglova) Elena Fedorovna (1913-1987), from the village of Eremeevshchina, Dubrovensky district, textile factory worker. The family also included an older sister, Lyudmila, and a younger brother, Vladimir. As Valentina Vladimirovna herself said, as a child she spoke Belarusian.
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In 1945, the girl entered secondary school No. 32 in the city of Yaroslavl (now named after Tereshkova); Having an ear for music, in her free time she learned to play the domra. She graduated from seven classes in 1953. To help the family, in 1954 Valentina went to work at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant as a bracelet maker in the assembly and vulcanization shop in the preparatory operation, where she operated a diagonal cutting machine. At the same time, she studied in evening classes at a school for working youth. From April 1955, she worked for 7 years as a weaver at the Krasny Perekop technical fabrics factory, where her mother and older sister also worked. Since 1959, she has been involved in parachuting at the Yaroslavl flying club (performed 90 jumps). Continuing to work at the Krasny Perekop textile mill, from 1955 to 1960 she completed correspondence studies at the Light Industry College. Since August 11, 1960 - released secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Krasny Perekop plant.
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Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps on March 12, 1962 and began training as a student-cosmonaut of the 2nd detachment. On November 29, 1962, she passed her final exams in OKP with “excellent marks.” Since December 1, 1962, Tereshkova has been a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. On June 16, 1963, that is, immediately after the flight, she became an instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment and held this position until March 14, 1966. During her training, she underwent training to test her body’s resistance to the factors of space flight. The training included a thermal chamber, where she had to be in a flight suit at a temperature of +70 ° C and a humidity of 30%, and a soundproof chamber - a room isolated from sounds, where each candidate had to spend 10 days. Zero-gravity training took place on the MiG-15. When performing a parabolic slide, weightlessness was established inside the plane for 40 seconds, and there were 3-4 such sessions per flight. During each session, it was necessary to complete the next task: write your first and last name, try to eat, talk on the radio. Particular attention was paid to parachute training, since the astronaut ejected before landing and landed separately by parachute. Since there was always a risk of the descent vehicle splashing down, training in parachute jumping into the sea was also carried out.
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Tereshkova made her space flight (the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut) on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft; it lasted almost three days. The launch took place at Baikonur not from the “Gagarin” site, but from a duplicate one. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky, was in orbit. On the day of her flight into space, she told her family that she was leaving for a parachute competition; they learned about the flight from the news on the radio. Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, who was involved in the selection and training of cosmonauts, described Tereshkova’s launch this way: The preparation of the rocket, the spacecraft and all maintenance operations went extremely smoothly. In terms of the clarity and coherence of the work of all services and systems, Tereshkova’s launch reminded me of Gagarin’s launch. As on April 12, 1961, on June 16, 1963, the flight was being prepared and started off well. Everyone who saw Tereshkova during the preparation of the launch and the launch of the spacecraft into orbit, who listened to her reports on the radio, unanimously stated: “She carried out the launch better than Popovich and Nikolaev.” Yes, I am very glad that I was not mistaken in choosing the first female astronaut.
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Svetlana Evgenievna Savitskaya (born August 8, 1948, Moscow, USSR) - Soviet cosmonaut, test pilot, teacher. The world's second female cosmonaut after Valentina Tereshkova. The world's first female astronaut to go into outer space. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1982, 1984). Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR (1982). Honored Master of Sports of the USSR (1970). Aviation Major (1984). Member of the CPSU/CPRF since 1975. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1989-1991). Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the I, III, IV, V, VI convocations from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (since 1996). The only woman twice Hero of the Soviet Union in the entire history of the USSR.
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Born on August 8, 1948 in Moscow. Father - Soviet pilot and military leader, Air Marshal Evgeny Yakovlevich Savitsky. Mother - Lydia Pavlovna Savitskaya, during the war years she served in the corps where her father commanded. In 1966 she graduated from Moscow school No. 637 (now GBOU “School No. 1465 named after Admiral N. G. Kuznetsov”). She entered the Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI), from which she graduated in 1972. While studying at MAI, she also studied at the Kaluga Aviation Technical School, from which she graduated in 1971, receiving the qualification of an instructor pilot. From 1969 to 1977, Svetlana Savitskaya was a member of the USSR national aerobatic team. In 1970, she won the world championship in aerobatic sports on piston aircraft in Great Britain. She set 3 world records in parachuting in group jumps from the stratosphere and 18 aviation records on jet aircraft. In 1970 she was awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR. After graduating from the institute, she worked as an instructor pilot and studied at a test pilot school. In 1976, she began working as a test pilot for the NPO Vzlyot. She performed flights on MiG-21, MiG-25, Su-7, Il-18, and Il-28 aircraft. In 1975-1978, she set 4 women's altitude and flight speed records on the combat training MiG-25PU.
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From May 1978 to June 1981 she worked as a test pilot at the Moscow Machine-Building Plant "Speed". In August 1980, she was sent to the corps of cosmonaut pilots. In June 1981, she was appointed as a research cosmonaut from the MMZ "Speed". In 1982, as a research cosmonaut, she flew on the Soyuz T-5, Soyuz T-7 spacecraft and the Salyut-7 orbital station. In 1984, as a flight engineer, she flew on the Soyuz T-12 spacecraft and the Salyut-7 orbital station. During the flight, she was the first woman to perform a spacewalk. She was preparing to fly to the Salyut-7 station in 1986 on the Soyuz T-15C spacecraft as commander of the world's first all-female crew (three female cosmonauts), but this flight did not take place. Since 1993 he has been teaching at the Moscow Aviation Institute, associate professor, candidate of technical sciences.
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Elena Vladimirovna Kondakova (born March 30, 1957, Mytishchi, Moscow region) is a Russian cosmonaut and politician. Hero of Russia (1995). Pilot-cosmonaut of the Russian Federation (1995).
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Elena Kondakova was the first woman to make a long flight into space. In 1985, she began training and studying the Soyuz TM spacecraft. She was included in the USSR cosmonaut corps in 1989. Her first flight into space took place on October 4, 1994 as part of the Soyuz TM-20 expedition, returning to Earth on March 22, 1995 after a 5-month flight at the Mir orbital station. Kondakova's second flight - as a specialist on the American spacecraft Atlantis as part of the STS-84 expedition - took place from May 15 to 24, 1997 under the program of the sixth docking with the Mir orbital station. Before leaving the cosmonaut corps, she underwent training under the flight program to the International Space Station.
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Since 1980, she worked as an engineer in the 113th department of NPO Energia (since 1994 - Rocket and Space Corporation Energia named after S.P. Korolev), where she was an employee of the Main Operational Control Group (GOGU). She was involved in long-term flight planning and training personnel to work in emergency situations, worked on scientific projects, experiments, and conducted research work. From 1989 to 1999, as a member of the cosmonaut corps of NPO Energia.
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“Valentina Tereshkova - the first female cosmonaut” Completed by: 2nd grade students Leader of the circle: T. M. Zakharycheva, physics teacher, Biryuchevskaya Secondary School
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Valentina Tereshkova was born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Tutaevsky district, Yaroslavl region, RSFSR, into a peasant family of immigrants from Belarus. Father is a tractor driver, mother is a textile factory worker. Drafted into the Red Army in 1939, Valentina's father died in the Soviet-Finnish War. In 1945, the girl entered secondary school No. 32 in the city of Yaroslavl, where she graduated from seven classes in 1953. To help her family, in 1954 Valentina went to work at the Yaroslavl Tire Factory as a bracelet maker, while simultaneously enrolling in evening classes at a school for working youth. Since 1959, she has been involved in parachuting at the Yaroslavl flying club (performed 90 jumps).
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After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, Sergei Korolev had the idea to launch a female cosmonaut into space. At the beginning of 1962, a search began for applicants according to the following criteria: parachutist, under 30 years of age, up to 170 centimeters tall and weighing up to 70 kilograms. Out of hundreds of candidates, five were chosen: Zhanna Yorkina, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomareva, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova. Valentina Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps on March 12, 1962 and began training as a cosmonaut student of the 2nd squad. On November 29, 1962, she passed her final exams in OKP with “excellent marks.” Since December 1, 1962, Tereshkova has been a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. From June 16, 1963, that is, immediately after the flight, she became an instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment, a position until March 14, 1966.
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During her training, she underwent training to test her body’s resistance to the factors of space flight. The training included a thermal chamber, where she had to be in a flight suit at a temperature of +70 ° C and a humidity of 30%, and a soundproof chamber - a room isolated from sounds, where each candidate had to spend 10 days. Zero-gravity training took place on the MiG-15. When performing a special top figure, weightlessness was established inside the plane for 40 seconds, and there were 3-4 such sessions per flight. Particular attention was paid to parachute training, since the astronaut ejected before landing and landed separately by parachute. Since there was always a risk of splashdown of the descent vehicle, training was also carried out on parachute jumps into the sea, in a technological, that is, not adjusted to size, spacesuit. Workout
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A simultaneous flight of two female crews was supposed, but in March 1963 this plan was abandoned, and the task became to choose one of five candidates. When choosing Tereshkova for the role of the first female cosmonaut, in addition to successful completion of training, political issues were also taken into account: Tereshkova was from the workers, while, for example, Ponomareva and Solovyova were from the employees. In addition, Tereshkova's father, Vladimir, died during the Soviet-Finnish War when she was two years old. After the flight, when Tereshkova was asked how the Soviet Union could thank her for her service, she asked to find the place where her father was killed.
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She made her space flight (the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut) on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft; it lasted almost three days. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky, was in orbit. At the time of Tereshkova's appointment as Vostok 6 pilot, she was 10 years younger than Gordon Cooper, the youngest of the first group of American astronauts. On the day of her first flight into space, she told her family that she was leaving for a parachute competition; they learned about the flight from the news on the radio. A few days after the flight, Valentina Tereshkova was protested due to a violation of the regime in the area of the landing site: she distributed food supplies from the astronauts’ diet to local residents, and she herself ate local food. First flight
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Launch vehicle "Vostok-6" Vostok-6 (Vostok-3KA No. 8) Launch date - 06/16/1963 12:29:51 Cosmodrome - Baikonur (NIIP-5) Launch vehicle - Vostok (8K72K) Cosmonaut landing - 19.06. 1963 11:20 Landing location: 620 km northeast of Karaganda, Kazakh SSR Flight duration: 2 days 22 hours 40 minutes 48 seconds (ejection); 2 days 22 hours 50 minutes (landing) Pilot - Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (call sign “Chaika”) Reserve pilots - Irina Bayanovna Solovyova, Valentina Leonidovna Ponomareva
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Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, who was involved in the selection and training of cosmonauts, described Tereshkova’s launch as follows: “The preparation of the rocket, the spacecraft and all maintenance operations went extremely smoothly. In terms of the clarity and coherence of the work of all services and systems, Tereshkova’s launch reminded me of Gagarin’s launch. As on April 12, 1961, on June 16, 1963, the flight was being prepared and started off well. Everyone who saw Tereshkova during the preparation of the launch and the launch of the spacecraft into orbit, who listened to her reports on the radio, unanimously stated: “She carried out the launch better than Popovich and Nikolaev.” Yes, I am very glad that I was not mistaken in choosing the first female astronaut. Tereshkova’s call sign for the duration of the flight is “Seagull”; the phrase she said before the start: “Hey! Sky! Take off your hat!
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She was married to Andriyan Nikolaev, the wedding took place on November 3, 1963, among the guests was Khrushchev himself. Valentina Tereshkova bore the double surname Nikolaeva-Tereshkova. Children: On June 8, 1964, daughter Elena Andriyanovna was born: the first child, both whose father and mother were astronauts. Valentina Tereshkova and Andrian Nikolaev
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Valentina Tereshkova with her daughter Lena. Interesting facts After completing a space flight, Tereshkova entered and graduated with honors from the Air Force Engineering Academy named after. N. E. Zhukovsky, became a candidate of technical sciences, professor, author of more than 50 scientific papers. On January 22, 1969, she was in a car fired upon by officer Viktor Ilyin during the assassination attempt on Brezhnev. She was not injured. She is the only woman on Earth to have completed a solo space flight. All subsequent female cosmonauts flew into space only as part of crews. After Tereshkova saw all the continents of the Earth from space, she began to dream of visiting Australia. After many years, she managed to fulfill her dream.
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Recognition of merits A crater on the Moon and the minor planet 1671 Chaika (Tereshkova’s call sign during flights) are named after her. She was awarded the honorary title “The Greatest Woman of the 20th Century.” An embankment in Evpatoria is named after her. Streets in Vitebsk, Volokolamsk, Grodno, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Klin, Korolev, Lipetsk, Mytishchi, Ardatov, Novosibirsk (Akademgorodok), Novocheboksarsk, Odessa, Orenburg, Yaroslavl, Krasnoyarsk and other cities are named after her. An avenue in the city of Gudermes (Chechen Republic) is named after her. A square in Tver is named after her.
