Topic study plan: 1. The concept of a political institution. 2. The state as a political institution. Its signs. 3. Functions of the state. 4. Forms of government in the modern world. Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
A political institution is a set of roles and statuses designed to satisfy political needs. First of all, this is the state, parliament, presidency, political parties and pressure groups, legal systems and courts, electoral systems, etc. Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Theories of the origin of the state - Theological - Marxist Marxist - Conquest - Conflict Conflict - Contract Contract - Trade org Irrigation theory Irrigation theory - Irrigation theory Irrigation theory Features of a state - territory - population - power - sovereignty - monopoly on the legal use of force - exclusive right to issue laws - universality - the right to collect taxes and fees from the population Svetlana Valerievna Zlochevskaya Higher Technical School of Shchuchinsk
Elements of the state. State Administration apparatus Citizens Structure of the state Representative bodies Judicial system Executive and administrative bodies Supervisory and control bodies Public order bodies Armed forces State security bodies Svetlana Valerievna Zlochevskaya Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Functions of the state Internal External Legislative Economic Social Ensuring law and order Cultural and educational Ensuring external security and integrity of the state, its independence Cooperation with other states Participation in solving global problems Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Form of territorial structure The administrative-territorial and national structure of the state, revealing the nature of the relationship between its components, between central and local authorities. unitary federal confederal Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Theological theory. Explains the emergence of the state by Divine will. by will. the idea of the inviolability of subordination the idea of the inviolability of subordination to the state state will as the power of God, but at the same time the dependence of the state on the divine will of the state on the divine will Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Marxist (materialist) theory. the state appeared as a result of the social division of labor, the emergence of private property, classes and exploitation. The state is a machine of suppression, a machine of suppression in the hands of the ruling class (slave owners, feudal lords or bourgeoisie). (slave owners, feudal lords or bourgeoisie). Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Conquest theory. (19th century French historians Guizot and Thierry, Austrian sociologist L. Gumplowicz, famous Marxist theorist (19th century French historians Guizot and Thierry, Austrian sociologist L. Gumplowicz, famous Marxist theorist K. Kautsky, etc.) K. Kautsky and others .) the state is the state is the result of conquest the result of the conquest of some peoples by others - according to it, the conquerors - according to it, the conquerors were forced to create it were forced to create it to control the conquered. to control the conquered. Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Contract theory of the origin of the state, Contract theory of the origin of the state, among its adherents were the English philosophers T. Hobbes and D. Locke T. Hobbes and D. Locke as well as the French thinker and the French thinker of the 18th century. J. - J. Rousseau, 18th century. J. - J. Rousseau, relies on the so-called. theory of social contract, contract, the state arises as a result of the state arises as a result of the agreement of all members of society of the agreement of all members of society on its establishment when leaving about its establishment when leaving the natural (tribal) from the natural (tribal) state. condition. Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Conflict theory. Its adherents are American political scientists M. Fried and R. Carneiro, based on the fact that in a human society already at the tribal stage, at a certain moment, competition in the struggle inevitably intensifies competition in the struggle for vital resources, for vital resources , which gives rise to a large number of internal conflicts, internal conflicts and wars. The only way out of such a state is the establishment of state power capable of ensuring order. Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Existing even before the creation of states, trade exchanges between tribes for exchanges between tribes over long distances contribute to strengthening the power of tribal leaders strengthening the power of the leaders of tribal unions - receiving from outside the unions - receiving outlandish goods from outside their possessions, they inevitably strengthen their power and influence, gradually creating a state apparatus around themselves. apparatus. Trade theory author - American political scientist M. Webb Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher Technical School of Shchuchinsk
Irrigation is considered, the origin of the state is considered, using the example of a state using the example of Ancient Egypt. The agroclimatic conditions of this country - a desert, a narrow strip of cultivated land irrigated during the seasonal floods of the Nile - required a regulated and equal distribution of water among agricultural communities. the need for a centralized irrigation system, the existence of which, in turn, required specialized bureaucracy; the bureaucracy gradually creates a centralized state. the need for a centralized irrigation system, the existence of which, in turn, required specialized bureaucracy; the bureaucracy gradually creates a centralized state. Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
A unitary state is a single, politically homogeneous organization consisting of territorial units that do not have their own statehood. The presence of a single national sovereignty, a single constitution, a system of legislation and citizenship; The presence of a single national sovereignty, a single constitution, a system of legislation and citizenship; Unified system of government bodies. Unified system of government bodies. All local decisions are made only within the framework of the instructions of the central authorities. All local decisions are made only within the framework of the instructions of the central authorities. Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
The Federation is a stable union of regions, independent within the powers distributed between them and the Center, having their own legislative, judicial and executive bodies, elected (formed) directly locally. The Federation is a stable union of regions, independent within the powers distributed between them and the Center, having their own legislative, judicial and executive bodies, elected (formed) directly locally. The presence of dual sovereignty, a dual system of laws and a two-tier state apparatus; The presence of dual sovereignty, a dual system of laws and a two-tier state apparatus; The sovereignty of the federation on key issues is higher than the sovereignty of its subjects The sovereignty of the federation on key issues is higher than the sovereignty of its subjects Regional authorities - the administration (government) and parliament - are formed by the population of the regions, at the same time accountable to it and the central government, and can make decisions within the powers granted to them by the Constitution of the country ; Regional authorities - the administration (government) and parliament - are formed by the population of the regions, are at the same time accountable to it and the central government, and can make decisions within the powers granted to them by the Constitution of the country; Availability of a two-channel taxation system; Availability of a two-channel taxation system; The territory of the federation consists of the territories of its individual subjects (states, republics, etc.) The territory of the federation consists of the territories of its individual subjects (states, republics, etc.) Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
A confederation is a more or less permanent union of states that fully retain their state sovereignty in order to realize some common goals. Members of the confederation transfer to the competence of allied bodies the resolution of only a limited number of issues, most often in the field of defense, foreign policy, transport and communications, and the monetary system. Confederations existed for some time after the declaration of independence in the USA (), Switzerland (from its creation until 1848), Germany () until its unification into a single state by military means during the time of Chancellor Bismarck. Finally, the idea of creating a confederation of the USA and Great Britain to consolidate their dominance in the world and counter the advance of communism was voiced in the famous speech of British Prime Minister W. Churchill in 1946 in Fulton, but it was never realized. Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Republic parliamentarypresidential Formation of government on a parliamentary basis; Government accountability to parliament. The head of government is the first person in the country; The president's powers are limited; The government within the framework of a parliamentary republic has Spanish. power and the right of legislative initiative, the right to petition the president to dissolve parliament. The President is elected by the people; The President directs domestic and foreign policy; The President, either entirely independently or partially with the consent of Parliament, appoints members of the Cabinet of Ministers, who in their activities are personally responsible to him; As the head of the executive branch, the President manages the unified vertical of the executive branch. The powers of parliament are limited. The president has the right to veto decisions of parliament. Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
Homework. 1. Using the account. geography (endpaper), write down the 10 largest states, the area of their territory, form of government, form of national-territorial structure (Fill out the table); 1. Using the account. geography (endpaper), write down the 10 largest states, the area of their territory, form of government, form of national-territorial structure (Fill out the table); 2. Work with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan: outline the form of government, the form of the national-territorial structure of our state. 2. Work with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan: outline the form of government, the form of the national-territorial structure of our state. State Territory area Form of government Form of national-territorial structure Zlochevskaya Svetlana Valerievna Higher technical school of Shchuchinsk
“Forms of Government” - The government is responsible to the president. The executive branch is formed by parliament. Democracy is rule by an organized majority. The institution of the president may exist (the president is elected by parliament). Aristocracy is rule by a minority. Absolute monarchies: Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain.
“Developed socialism” - Recognition of public self-government as an ideal of social structure. The state defines and consolidates the norms and principles of social justice. Denial of material interest and economic freedom of individuals. The founders of socialism are German Marxists E. Bernstein and K. Kautsky.
“The state in the political system” - The state is the result of the manifestation of the human psyche. Transport arteries. Conditions for the existence of civil society. Typology of states. Interaction between civil society, law and state. Judicial system. Elements of the state. State security bodies. By political regime: Totalitarian; Authoritarian; Democratic state.
“Political culture” - Typology of political cultures. Manifestations of value orientations. Patriarchal culture - lack of interest in politics. Man in political life. Political value orientations. Culture is largely determined by the type of political system. What is political consciousness and political behavior?
“Political power” - State. National relations. Personal enrichment. Politicians. Political parties. The state is an instrument of power. Human. Subjects and objects of politics. How is political power different from other types of power? Events and issues of domestic and international public life. Why do people need politics? Authority.
“Political conflict” - Conflict resolution. Contradictions between different political actors. Conflicts also arise as a result of political contradictions. Development of political conflict. Basic concepts and terms. Conflict resolution. Three types of agreement. Conflict in politics: is it evil or necessary? Political conflict.
There are a total of 25 presentations in the topic
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A state is a political community that has a certain structure, organization of political power and management of social processes in a certain territory. A variety of reasons have been put forward for the emergence and existence of the state: in theological theory it is Divine power; in contract - the power of reason, consciousness; in psychological - factors of the human psyche; in organic - biological factors; in the materialist - socio-economic factors; in the theory of violence - military-political factors.
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Signs of a state: public power, materialized in government bodies and extending to the entire territory of the country, to all citizens (government, bureaucracy, army, police, etc.); monopoly right to issue laws and legal acts binding on the entire population; a system of taxes, duties, loans necessary for the material support of state policy; territory - the space over which the jurisdiction of the state extends; sovereignty, that is, the supremacy of state power within the country and independence in international relations; monopoly right to coercion and the relevant bodies for its implementation (army, police, security services, court).
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The functions of the state are the main directions of the state’s activities to solve the problems facing it. They are divided into internal and external. Internal functions: economic; social; organizational; legal; political; educational; cultural and educational. External functions: ensuring national security, protecting the fatherland from external enemies; development of mutually beneficial relations with other states, cooperation in the economic, political, spiritual and military spheres; ensuring peaceful coexistence between peoples and states, jointly solving global problems of our time.
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To implement both internal and external functions, the state has a certain organizational structure. In a modern state, the following public authorities are distinguished: representative; executive and administrative; judicial; prosecutors and law enforcement agencies; bodies for the protection of national interests and security of the country.
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Civil society is a human community that is emerging and developing in democratic states, represented by a network of voluntarily formed non-state structures (unions, organizations, associations, unions, centers, clubs, foundations) in all spheres of society and a set of non-state relations - economic, political, social, spiritual, religious and others.
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Signs of civil society: full provision of human and civil rights and freedoms; self-governance; competition between the structures that form it and various groups of people; It is not vertical (subordination) that predominates, but horizontal connections—relations of competition and solidarity. freely formed public opinion and pluralism; general awareness and real implementation of the human right to information; life activity in it is based on the principle of coordination; diversity of the economy; legitimacy and democratic nature of government; rule of law; strong social policy of the state, ensuring a decent standard of living for people.
A political institution is a set of principles and norms, formal and informal rules that regulate processes in the sphere of politics. Political institutions appear in the form of political organizations and institutions. Political institutions By form State: parliament, government, court Non-state: parties, social movements, organizations By principles of activity Traditional: based on rigid rituals, rules and traditions Modernized: based on flexible norms and rules, weakly dependent on moral precepts By the nature of the organization Formal : regulated by legal norms Informal: regulated by personal relationships and moral norms personal connections, clientelism, corruption, clans and mafias, civil society
The state is a universal territorial form of organization of political power in a socially heterogeneous society with a national or multinational structure, where a legal order is maintained, established by a political elite that has the legal right to use coercion. The state as a social contract of citizens for the protection and guarantee of human rights and freedoms Contractual - legal state National state Class state The state is an instrument for realizing the interests of the economically dominant class The state as a universal mechanism for the implementation of the “collective spirit of the nation”, the implementation of the national idea The state arises, exists and develops as the result of the complication of socio-economic life, as a tool for streamlining the joint satisfaction of social interests.
The state is built on the basis of territorial, ethnic and political community Signs of the state Presence of public power System of taxes, duties and loans Territory Sovereignty System of law Monopoly on the legal use of force State structure for the division of power System of legislative representative institutions Executive and administrative bodies Judicial bodies Internal External State structure according to functions performed
Functions of the state are the main directions of activity in implementing the state's tasks of developing civil society and relations with the world community External Participation in solving global problems of our time Ensuring national security Development of mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries Protecting state interests in international relations Internal Economic Social Legal Cultural and educational Political Environmental Organizational Consolidation of Society Social Arbitration
The form of the state is a way of organizing political power, covering, along with the political regime, the form of government and the form of government. Features The form of the state determines: who rules in society and how, how state power structures are structured in it, how the population in a given territory is united and connected with state, with the help of what methods and techniques state power is exercised. Political life in society and the stability of state institutions depend on the form of the state. Elements of the form of the state Form of government - the order of formation and organization of public authorities, their relationship with each other and the population Form of government - territorial structure state, the relationship between the state and its constituent territorial units Political (state) regime - a system of methods, methods and means of exercising state power
Form of government - an element of the form of the state that characterizes the organization of the supreme state power, the order of formation of its bodies and their relationship with the population Forms of government, distinguished depending on the position of the head of state Monarchy - power is fully or partially in the hands of the sole head of state Signs Varieties Power is transferred by inheritance Implemented indefinitely Does not depend on the will of the population Absolute - the only bearer of the sovereignty of the state is the monarch (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman) Parliamentary - the bearer of sovereignty along with the monarch State bodies that limit his power. The monarch is the head of state and has the right to participate in the activities of legislative bodies (Great Britain, Sweden, Norway, Spain, Japan) Dualistic - the monarch is vested primarily with executive power (Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco)
Form of government Forms of government, distinguished depending on the position of the head of state Signs Republic - the head of state is elected and replaceable, and his power is considered to be derived from the will of voters or a representative body Election of power Urgency Dependence on the will of voters Presidential Parliamentary Mixed Varieties
Types of republics depending on who forms the government, to whom it is accountable and controlled Presidential (USA, Argentina, Venezuela) Parliamentary (Italy, Germany, Israel) Mixed (Austria, Finland, France) The President is elected by an electoral college or popular vote and is the head states and governments The President appoints the government and directs its activities The President is vested with the right of suspensive veto on decisions of the legislative body of state power The Government is formed by parliament and is responsible to it The parliament has the right to express a vote of no confidence in the activities of the government, ministers, and the head of government The head of state with representative functions is the president, who elected by parliament. The real head of state is the head of government. The government's double responsibility: to the president and to parliament. The president and parliament are elected directly by the people. The head of state is the president, who appoints the head of government. Parliament controls the government by approving the country's budget, as well as through the right to vote no confidence in the government.
The form of government is the administrative-territorial structure of the state, which reveals the nature of the relationship between its component parts, between central and local government bodies. Unitary stateFederationConfederation Supreme bodies of legislative, executive and judicial power that are common to the entire state There is one constitution and a single system of legislation Components states (regions, districts) do not have state sovereignty Unified armed forces Foreign policy is carried out by central authorities The territory consists of individual entities (states, republics, cantons) Supreme power in the state belongs to federal government bodies Subjects have the right to create their own system of legislation and state authorities Single union citizenship Foreign policy is carried out by central authorities Does not have common legislative, executive and judicial authorities Does not have a single army, a single tax system and a single state budget Retains the citizenship of states that are in the union Solve problems of an economic and defense nature Union members can agree on unified monetary, customs systems, unified interstate credit policy
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF A MODERN STATE ETATIST CREATION OF LEGISLATION REGULATION OF THE ECONOMY SOLVING GLOBAL PROBLEMS DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES BETWEEN REGIONS COMPLICATION OF DECISION MAKING PROCEDURES DE-ETATIST CITIZEN ACTIVITY OF SOCIETY ITS CONTROL OVER THE STATE EXPANDING THE INFLUENCE OF PARTIES AND INTEREST GROUPS DECENTRALIZATION OF POWER STRENGTHENING SELF-GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES Slide 11k
Lesson plan:
1. The concept of a political institution.
3. Functions of the state.
1. A political institution is a set of roles and statuses designed to satisfy political needs. (First of all, this is the state, parliament, presidency, political parties and pressure groups, legal systems and courts, electoral systems, etc.)
The main function of all institutions is to regulate socio-political processes and phenomena in order to maintain their stability and maintain balance between them.
2. The state as a political institution. Its signs.
The state is the main institution of the political system of society, created to organize and manage the life of a certain population in a certain territory with the help of state power, which is binding on all its citizens.
Signs of the state:
Territory
- population
- power
- sovereignty
- monopoly on the legal use of force
- exclusive right to publish laws
- universality
- the right to collect taxes and fees from the population
The state apparatus is a system of government bodies interconnected by common principles, unity of the ultimate goal and interaction, endowed with authority, and also having the material and technical capabilities to carry out their functions.
State bodies are structural links of the state apparatus.
3. Functions of the state.
The social purpose of the state is expressed in its functions, i.e. the main directions of its activities to implement current tasks.
Typically, the functions of the state are divided into internal and external.
Internal functions ensure the satisfaction of the diverse interests of the country's population. These include economic, social, cultural, environmental, and law enforcement functions.
External functions are aimed at establishing mutually beneficial economic, political, cultural, technical, environmental and military cooperation with other states, and ensuring the country's defense capability.
4. Forms of government in the modern world.
The form of the state is a set of external characteristics of the state, including three elements: the form of government, the form of government and the political regime.
The form of government is the administrative-territorial organization of the state, as well as the system of relationships between central and regional authorities. There are two forms of government: federation and unitary state.
A federation is a form of government in which its constituent administrative-territorial entities (subjects) have limited legal and political independence.
Federal states include: Australia, Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, India, Canada, Russia, USA, etc.
A unitary state is a form of government whose administrative-territorial entities do not have political independence.
Unitary states include: Great Britain, Japan, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, etc.
A confederation is a more or less permanent union of states that fully retain their state sovereignty in order to realize some common goals.
Members of the confederation delegate to the competence of allied bodies the resolution of only a limited number of issues, most often in the field of defense, foreign policy, transport and communications, and the monetary system.
The form of government is characterized by the order of formation of the highest bodies of state power (head of state, parliament, government), as well as the distribution of powers and functions between them.
Modern states have two forms of government: monarchy and republic.
A republic is a form of government in which all the highest bodies of state power are either elected or formed by national representative institutions (parliaments). Within the republican form of government, it is customary to distinguish between presidential, parliamentary and mixed republics.
A parliamentary republic is characterized by the fact that parliament is formally a sovereign body that forms a government that is politically responsible to it and elects a president, who is only the head of state, but not the executive branch. The classic model of a parliamentary republic exists in Italy and Germany.
A presidential republic is characterized by the fact that the president, who is elected, as a rule, by the people, is legally and in fact the head of state and executive power.
Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power belongs to one person who holds his position in the established order of succession to the throne.
In the modern world, two types of monarchy remain - absolute and constitutional.
An absolute monarchy is characterized by the legal and actual concentration of all state power in the hands of the monarch. It exercises executive power jointly with the government, and legislative power through legislative advisory bodies (appointed or elected). Currently, there are eight absolute monarchies in the world: Bahrain, Brunei, Vatican City, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Saudi Arabia.
Constitutional monarchy - the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution or laws, as well as the existing legislative and executive bodies of the state.
Constitutional monarchy
dualistic parliamentary
The power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, but the monarch both formally and actually retains extensive powers. The monarch performs his functions purely nominally.
