An impostor who posed as the “miraculously saved” Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, Tsar and Grand Duke of Moscow and All Rus' (1605-1606).
The origins of False Dmitry I are unclear. In historical science, the most common official version of the government is that he is the fugitive deacon of the Moscow Chudov Monastery Grigory Otrepiev, the son of the Galich nobleman Bogdan Otrepiev.
False Dmitry I appeared in 1601-1602 in Poland, where he posed as a “miraculously saved” son. Was supported by Polish magnates and the Catholic clergy. In 1603-1604, preparations were launched for his elevation to the Russian throne. False Dmitry I secretly converted to Catholicism and promised, after his accession, to give the Seversk and Smolensk lands to Poland, to participate in the anti-Turkish alliance, to assist the king in his fight against Sweden, to introduce him to Catholicism, to marry the daughter of the Sandomierz governor, Senator E. Mnischka, and to hand her over as a “vena” "and pay E. Mniszko 1 million zlotys.
In the fall of 1604, False Dmitry I crossed the Russian border with a Polish-Lithuanian detachment in the Chernigov region (now in Ukraine). The success of his adventure was facilitated by the peasant unrest that unfolded in the southern regions of the Russian state. Despite the defeat under, False Dmitry I managed to gain a foothold in the south (in Putivl, now in Ukraine).
After the sudden death of Boris Godunov, his army went over to the side of False Dmitry I. On June 1, 1605, an uprising took place in Moscow, overthrowing Tsar Feodor II Borisovich. On June 20 (30), 1605, the impostor entered the kingdom, and on June 21 (July 1) he was crowned king in the Moscow Kremlin.
Having taken the royal throne, False Dmitry I tried to pursue an independent domestic and foreign policy. In an effort to rely on the provincial nobility, he increased their cash and land salaries through the confiscation of financial resources from the monasteries and the planned revision of their rights to land holdings.
False Dmitry I attempted to reorganize the army. He made a number of concessions to peasants and slaves (decrees of January 7 and February 1, 1606). The southern regions were exempt from taxes for 10 years, and the cultivation of “tithe arable land” was stopped in them. However, politics and an increase in taxes (in particular, due to the need to send money to Poland) caused the strengthening of the peasant-Cossack movement in the spring of 1606. Unable to win over all layers of feudal lords to his side, False Dmitry I made concessions to the rebels: he did not use force to suppress the movement and included articles on peasant secession in the Consolidated Code of Law that was being prepared.
Due to False Dmitry I's failure to fulfill his promises about the introduction of Catholicism, territorial concessions and military assistance to Poland against Sweden, relations with Sigismund III worsened. The crisis of domestic and foreign policy created the conditions for organizing a conspiracy of the nobility led by the prince. During the uprising of the townspeople against the Poles who arrived at the wedding celebrations of False Dmitry I and, the impostor was killed by conspirators in the Moscow Kremlin.
After the desecration at Lobnoye Place, the body of False Dmitry I was buried outside the Serpukhov Gate of Moscow. Later, his body was dug up, burned and, after mixing the ashes with gunpowder, they fired from a cannon towards Poland.
The biography of False Dmitry I differs from most others primarily in that the very identity of this person remains unclear. He convinced everyone that he was a son, but was later recognized as an impostor. The official date of birth of this man coincides with the birthday of Tsarevich Dmitry, while according to other sources, the years of False Dmitry and the real son of the king do not coincide. The same applies to versions about the place of birth: he himself claimed that he was born in Moscow, which corresponded to his legend, while whistleblowers claimed that the False Dmitry the impostor was from Warsaw. It is worth adding that Tsar False Dmitry 1 became the first of three different people who called themselves a surviving prince.
False Dmitry I. Portrait from the Mniszkov Castle in Vyshnevets | Historical portrait
It is quite natural that the biography of False Dmitry 1 is directly related to the death of the little Tsarevich Dmitry. The boy died under unclear circumstances at the age of eight. Officially, his death was recognized as an accident, but his mother thought differently and named the names of high-ranking killers, which gave further history the opportunity to link together Boris Godunov, False Dmitry and Vasily Shuisky. The first of them was considered the orderer of the murder of the heir to the throne, the third led the investigation and declared the death accidental, and False Dmitry took advantage of the circumstances and rumors circulating throughout Rus' that the prince had escaped and escaped.
The origin of the person who called himself Tsar Dmitry remains unknown, and it is unlikely that the surviving historical data will be able to help establish his identity. However, there are many versions of who occupied the throne during the time of False Dmitry 1. One of the main candidates was and remains Grigory Otrepyev, the son of a Galician boyar, who was a slave of the Romanovs from childhood. Later, Gregory became a monk and wandered around the monasteries. The question is why Otrepyev began to be considered False Dmitry.
Engraving of False Dmitry I | Firstly, he was too interested in the murder of the prince, and also suddenly began to study the rules and etiquette of court life. Secondly, the flight of the monk Grigory Otrepiev from the holy monastery suspiciously exactly coincides with the first mention of the campaign of False Dmitry. And thirdly, during the reign of False Dmitry 1, the tsar wrote with characteristic errors, which turned out to be identical to the standard errors of the monastery scribe Otrepiev.
One of the portraits of False Dmitry I | Oracle According to another version, Gregory did not impersonate False Dmitry himself, but found a young man suitable in appearance and education. This man could have been the illegitimate son of the Polish king. This assumption is supported by the impostor’s too relaxed command of edged weapons, horse riding, shooting, dancing, and most importantly, fluency in the Polish language. This hypothesis is opposed by the testimony of Stefan Batory himself, who during his lifetime publicly admitted that he had no children. The second doubt comes from the fact that the boy allegedly raised in a Catholic environment favored Orthodoxy.
Painting "Dmitry - the murdered prince", 1899. Mikhail Nesterov | The possibility of “truth” is not completely excluded, that is, that False Dmitry was in fact the son of Ivan the Terrible, hidden and secretly transported to Poland. This little popular hypothesis is based on rumors that simultaneously with the death of little Dmitry, his peer Istomin, who lived in the wards, disappeared without a trace. Allegedly, this child was killed under the guise of a prince, and the heir himself was hidden. An additional argument for this version is considered to be an important circumstance: not only did Queen Martha publicly recognize her son in False Dmitry, but in addition, she never served a funeral service for the deceased child in the church.
In any case, it is very noteworthy that False Dmitry I himself did not consider himself an impostor, and almost all scientists agree: he sincerely believed in his involvement in the royal family.
In 1604, the campaign of False Dmitry I against Moscow took place. By the way, many people believed that he was the direct heir to the throne, so most cities surrendered without a fight. The pretender to the throne arrived in the capital after the death of Boris Godunov, and his son Fyodor II Godunov, who sat on the throne and reigned for only 18 days, was killed by the time the army of False Dmitry approached.
Painting "The Last Minutes of Dmitry the Pretender", 1879. Carl Wenig | False Dmitry ruled briefly, although not as much as his predecessor. Almost immediately after his ascension, there was talk of imposture. Those who only yesterday supported the campaign of False Dmitry began to get angry at how freely he handled the treasury, spending Russian money on Polish and Lithuanian nobles. On the other hand, the newly-crowned Tsar False Dmitry I did not fulfill his promise to give a number of Russian cities to the Poles and introduce Catholicism in Rus', which is why, in fact, the Polish government began to support him in the struggle for the throne. During the 11 months that False Dmitry the First led Rus', there were several conspiracies and about a dozen assassination attempts against him.
The first actions of Tsar False Dmitry I were numerous favors. He brought back from exile the nobles expelled from Moscow under his predecessors, doubled the salaries of military personnel, increased land plots for landowners, and abolished taxes in the south of the country. But since this only emptied the treasury, Tsar False Dmitry I increased taxes in other regions. Riots began to grow, which False Dmitry refused to extinguish by force, but instead allowed the peasants to change the landowner if he did not feed them. Thus, the policy of False Dmitry I was based on generosity and mercy towards his subjects. By the way, he hated flattery, which is why he replaced most of those close to him.
Painting "The entry of the troops of False Dmitry I into Moscow." K.F. Lebedev | Wikipedia Many were surprised that Tsar False Dmitry I violated previously accepted traditions. He did not go to bed after dinner, eradicated pretentious behavior at court, often went out into the city and personally communicated with ordinary people. False Dmitry I took a very active part in all matters and negotiated daily. The reign of False Dmitry can be called an innovation not only for Rus', but also for Europe of those times. For example, he incredibly simplified travel to the territory of the state for foreigners, and Russia of False Dmitry was called the freest country abroad.
False Dmitry I. One of the possible appearance options | Cultural studies But if the internal policy of False Dmitry I was based on mercy, in the external one he immediately began preparing a war with the Turks in order to conquer Azov and seize the mouth of the Don. He personally began to train the archers to operate new models of guns and took part in training assaults along with the soldiers. For a successful war, the king wanted to enter into an alliance with Western countries, but was refused because he had not previously fulfilled his promises. In general, the policy of False Dmitry I, seemingly based on sound grounds, ultimately brought only ruin.
False Dmitry I was married to Marina Mnishek, the daughter of a Polish governor, who, apparently, knew about her husband’s imposture, but wanted to become a queen. Although she lived in this capacity for only a week: the couple got married shortly before his death. By the way, Mniszech was the first woman to be crowned in Russia, and the next one became. False Dmitry I apparently loved his wife, since written evidence has been preserved of how he was inflamed with feelings for her upon meeting. But this relationship was definitely not mutual. Soon after the death of her husband, Marina began to live with a man today called False Dmitry II, and passed him off as her first husband.
Slavic society In general, False Dmitry I was very susceptible to female affection. During his short reign, virtually all the boyars' daughters and wives automatically became his concubines. And the main favorite before Marina Mnishek’s arrival in Moscow was Boris Godunov’s daughter, Ksenia. There were rumors that she even managed to become pregnant by the impostor king. The autocrat's second hobby after women was jewelry. In addition, there is evidence that False Dmitry 1 often liked to boast and even lie, which he was repeatedly caught doing by his close boyars.
In mid-May 1606, Vasily Shuisky decided to raise an uprising against the Poles who had flooded Moscow on the occasion of a wedding celebration. Dmitry became aware of this, but he did not attach much importance to such conversations. Shuisky started a rumor that foreigners wanted to kill the tsar, and thus raised the people to a bloody slaughter. Gradually he managed to change the idea of “going after the Poles” to “going after the impostor.” When they broke into the palace, False Dmitry tried to resist the crowd, then wanted to escape through the window, but fell from a height of 15 meters, fell into the courtyard, sprained his leg, broke his chest and lost consciousness.
Engraving "Death of the Pretender", 1870 | Collection of historical documents The body of False Dmitry I began to be guarded by archers from the conspirators, and in order to calm the crowd, they offered to bring Queen Martha so that she could again confirm whether the king was her son. But even before the messenger returned, an angry crowd beat False Dmitry and demanded to know his name. Until the last moment of his life, he adhered to the version that he was a real son. They finished off the former king with swords and halberds, and the already dead body was subjected to public humiliation for several days - they were smeared with tar, “decorated” with masks, and offensive songs were sung.
Sketch for the painting "Time of Troubles. False Dmitry", 2013. Sergey Kirillov | Lemur False Dmitry I was buried behind the Serpukhov Gate, in a cemetery for beggars, tramps and drunkards. But even this overthrow of the king’s personality was not enough for the conspirators and tormentors. Since after the murder of False Dmitry I a storm hit the surrounding area, scattering the crops, people began to say that the dead man did not sleep in the grave, but came out at night and took revenge on his former subjects. Then the corpse was dug up and burned at the stake, and the ashes were mixed with gunpowder and fired towards Poland, where False Dmitry I came from. By the way, this was the only shot in history fired by the Tsar Cannon.
FALSE DMITRY I is an impostor who occupied the Russian throne in 1605-1606 under the name of the deceased Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich.
In agreement, you will give the government commission of Tsar Bo-ri-sa Fe-do-ro-vi-cha Go-du-no-va (1603), under- holding-on-the-major-shin-st-vom is-sled-to-va-te-ley, False Dmitry I in reality was Ge-or-gi-em (Yuri -e) Bo-gda-but-vi-than Ot-rep-e-vym - son of the archer-of-a-hundredth B. From-rep-e-va. The father died early, the boy raised his mother. In the 1590s G.B. Ot-rep-ev served for several years as a ho-lo-pom (apparently, voluntarily) with M.N. Ro-ma-no-va, and then from Prince B.K., close to Ro-ma-no-vy. Cher-kas-sko-go. Fearing re-press in connection with the arrest of Ro-ma-nov-ykh, in November 1600 he took monastic vows under the name Gri-go-riy and be- sting from Moscow. For some time he wandered around the monasteries, in 1601 he returned to Moscow and was accepted by ke-ley-no-one to his grandfather - the foreigner of the Chu-do-va monastery (in the world of Ev-fi-miy Za-myat-nya). The blessing of a sharp mind and abilities in the book industry is noted for the miraculous ar-chemist. Paf-nu-ti-em, ru-ko-po-lo-zhen pat-ri-ar-hom Io-vom in dia-ko-ny. Later, he entered the nearby vicinity of the pat-ri-ar-ha, at the request of Io-va, he re-pi-sy-val ru-ko-pi-si , made us saints, in the company of his retinue you were present at the ceremony of the Os-vya-shchen- no-go so-bo-ra, Bo-yar-skaya du-ma, etc. Due to the threat of arrest (according to one of the versions, due to the possibility nym about-vi-not-in-here-si) in February 1602 again fled from Moscow in the company of the elders Mi-sai-la and Var-laa-ma. Most likely, already at that time he had the idea to proclaim himself as the miraculously saved son of Tsar Iva -na IV Va-sil-e-vi-cha Groz-no-go. Soon I found myself on the territory of Re-chi Pos-po-li-toy, in the Grand Prince of Lithuania (VKL). After being in several right-glorious monasteries (including in Kiev-Pecher-sky), the monastery -Xia and from-right-forward to Go-shu - the center of the radi-cal-no-go pro-tes-tant-sko-th te-che-niya ari-an-tri-ni-ta-ri-ev (attended their school). In the spring (after Go-shchi) or autumn of 1603 G.B. Ot-rep-ev, most likely, was in Za-po-Rozhskaya Se-chi.
Rumors that he is the son of Tsar Ivan IV Va-sil-e-vi-cha, G.B. Rep-ev was published while still in Kiev, but only in the summer of 1603 on the estate of Prince A. Vish-ne-vec-whom he published he personally spoke about himself “behind the throne” of the Russian throne. The plan of False Dmitry I's attack on the Russian state took on real features when he was headed by the San-do-Mir military. yes Yu. Mni-shek (father-in-law of Prince A. Vish-ne-vec-to-go), who provided an unspoken -tic support for False Dmitry I from the side of the Polish king Si-gis-mun-da III (de jure Rech Po-spo-li-ta-ho-di-las in with -staying peace with the Russian state), borrowed inappropriate funds, attracted the con-tin-gent to na-em-ni-kov. In March 1604, False Dmitry I was received at private au-di-en-tsi-yah by the Polish king, the arch-bishop-pom-pri-ma-s and papal nun-qi-em. The self-invitee took upon himself a number of obligations (to a significant extent in relation to each other): after the re-niya in Mo-sk-ve to re-give Cher-ni-go-in-North-land and Smo-len-schi-nu Re-chi Po-spo-li-that, and partly personally Yu. Mni-she-ku, pay off his debts and marry his daughter - M. Mni-shek, having given her -after the wedding, Nov-gorod and Pskov would be the inheritance, and also go to war with Sweden on the side of Si-giz-mun-da III and introduce in the Russian state there is ka-to-li-cism. False Dmitry I reinforced his promises by secretly converting to Catholicism (which a very limited circle of people knew about).
By the beginning of September 1604, the forces of False Dmitry I numbered from 2.5 to 3 thousand na-yom-ni-kov (gu-sa-ry, pe-ho-ta and ka-za-ki), when moving to the border, a number of them were defeated at the expense of new ranks of ka-za-kov. On October 13 (23), 1604, the army of False Dmitry I entered the territory of the Russian state. For the Russian pra-vi-tel-st-va, the un-expected-hall was the first-of-all march-route of False Dmitry I (Mo-na-Styr-sky -ro-dock near the southwestern border of the Russian state - Cher-ni-gov - Nov-go-rod-Sever-sky), in re-zul-ta-te sa-mo-zva The man managed to fortify himself in the southwestern region of the country before the large forces of Tsar Bo-ri-sa Go-du-no-va arrived. The decisive factor of the us-pe-ha of False Dmitry I became support for the village of northern and Ukrainian ("from the Polish uk -rai-ny") of the cities, the pre-of all the service people in the pri-bo-ru, the local children of Bo-Yar, not -to-li-ti-koy Bo-ri-sa Go-du-no-va, as well as on-the-se-le-niya from-no-si-tel-but large -ro-dov - Pu-tiv-la, Ryl-ska, Yeltsa, kre-st-yan of a number of palace volosts (Ko-ma-rits-koy, etc.). The recovery zone in October - December 1604 spread to the north and east, unrest arose when the de the avant-garde forces of False Dmitry I or upon the appearance of separate dissents between the Don Cossacks and the “lis-ta-mi of Dmitry’s tsa-re-vi-cha” , which kept promises after the reign to keep their subjects “in peace and freedom” -ve". The army of False Dmitry I was significantly increased due to the local service people and the Don Cossacks (especially ben-but in October 1604 and January 1605), as well as a large number of Za-Rozh-Ka-za-kovs with art-til-le-ri-ey (end December 1604). Not later than January 1605, after the departure of the main part to Rech, headed by Mni-shek, the emergence of False Dmitry I from the “Polish cause” of the window turned into its own Russian social and military-political movement. In the cities (pre-everything in Pu-tiv-le) co-verbal councils appeared, active-but supported -shie sa-mo-zvon-tsa.
The military actions at the warehouses were not very successful for False Dmitry I: the re-zul-ta-ta-wasp of Nov-go did not give a result -ro-yes-sever-sko-go,-da-da-over-the-tsar's-armies under this-fortress on 21 (31).12.1604 turned out to be more formal, and in the battle near Do-bry-ni-cha-mi on January 21 (31), 1605, the troops of False Dmitry I suffered a complete defeat ra-zhe-nie from the large tsarist army under the command of the battle-ri-on Prince F.I. Revenge-slav-skogo, who, however, did not pursue the self-call with the main si-la-mi. From the beginning of February 1605, the re-zi-den-tsi-ey of False Dmitry I became Pu-tivl, where the function-tsio-ni-ro-va-li sfor-mi-ro-van-naya named after Bo-yar -skaya thought and some ideas. False Dmitry I arranged the ceremonial transfer of the miraculously created Kursk Root Icon of the God Ma-te-ri “Knowledge” from Kursk to Pu-tivl (then she accompanied him on the way to Moscow). False Dmitry I attracted to his side the captured royal soldiers and clerks. I opened the door in the world with the closest councils, and often talked -sya to the na-se-le-niy at critical moments, promised after-the-re-re-from-me-thread on-logi for 10 years for Se-ver land and, perhaps, for some other counties. In the territories under the control of his authorities, False Dmitry I relinquished the ten-year-old arable land in favor of the state-su-dar-st. va. Actions and “cute” style of the ve-de-tion of False Dmitry I, especially against the backdrop of punitive actions of the Tsar’s army of Revenge -slav-skogo in Ko-ma-rits-koy volost in February 1605, for-mi-ro-va-li in the public consciousness of the established image of “ext. -ro-go tsa-re-vi-cha-iz-ba-vi-te-la”, for-the-kon-go-on-the-follow-the-previous-kings. His influence gradually spread across the country in the counties to the north of the Oka River. The outcome of the campaign was decided as unsuccessful actions of the main government army in February - April 1605 during the siege of the fortress of Cro- we, and the sudden death of Bo-ri-sa Go-du-no-va on April 13 (23), 1605, intensified the political instability in country During the torture of the weight of the war, a conflict occurred as among the warriors (at the hundred-ro-well, the battle princes V.V. Go-li-tsyn, I.V. Go-li-tsyn stood up, boyar P.F. Bas-manov and others), and throughout the army. In the course of the collision on May 7 (17), she found herself behind the side of False Dmitry I (who-go-to-you cor- according to the noblemen of the counties south of the Oka River). The sides of God went home.
Gra-mo-ta sa-mo-zvan-tsa, ad-re-so-van-naya zhi-te-lyam Mo-sk-you, ask-in-tsi-ro-va-la restoration in hundred-face, during the course of 1(11).6.1605, Tsar Fedor Bo-ri-so-vich, his mother Ma- Riya Gri-gor-ev-na, sister Ksenia Bo-ri-sov-na, as well as other God-du-no-you (most of them were were sent to military posts in Siberia, and S.V. and S.N. Their closest kin-st-ven-ni-ki are Vel-ya-mi-no-you and Sa-bu-ro-you according to the race of False Dmitry I from the ranks in Po-volzhye and Pre-d-ura-lye. On June 8 (18), the representatives of False Dmitry I arrived in Moscow to govern the country and the capital of the battle -Re Prince V.V. Go-li-tsyn, Prince V.M. Mo-salsky Rubets and Duma clerk B. I. Su-tupov. The main thing in the Russian Federation, given to them, was the physical structure of King Fe-do-ra Bo-ri-so-vi-cha and his ma-te-ri Ma-rii Gri-gor-ev-ny and the sve-de-nie of Job from the pat-ri-ar-she-th pre-sto-la (he was exiled to Us-pen- monastery in the city of Stari-tsa). On June 20 (30), the ceremonial entry of False Dmitry I into Moscow took place. Already on the 3rd day after this, Prince Vasiliy Ivanovich Shuisky (bu- the future king), his brothers and a number of other persons (at the end of June at the co-bor-nom su-deb-raz-bi-ra-tel-st-ve with the participation bo-yar, Os-vya-shchen-no-go so-bo-ra and pre-sta-vi-te-lei go-ro-zhan for-go-thief-schi-kov at-go-vo-ri- whether to the death penalty, however, False Dmitry I forgave the Shuiskys and sent them into exile). June 30 (July 10) The Holy Council formally returned Io-wu to the rank of pat-ri-ar-ha, but immediately accepted his resignation -ku in view of “I can’t-mo-shchi”, just-a-voice-but bringing False Dmitry I - Ryazan - to the pat-ri-ar-shiy throne go ar-hi-bishop Ig-na-tiya. Thor-same-st-ven-but returned to Moscow according to the race of False Dmitry I, mother of the deceased tsa-re-vi-cha Dmi -t-riya Iva-no-vi-cha ino-ki-nya Mar-fa (in the world of M.F. Na-gai) publicly declared that False Dmitry was her son.
On July 21 (31), 1605, the solemn wedding ceremony of the self-invitation to the kingdom took place: sleep-cha-la pat-ri- Arch Ig-na-tiy crowned him under the name of Dmitry Iva-no-vi-cha to the kingdom in the Us-pen-sky so-bo-re according to tra-di-tsi-on-no- mu for the Russian state chi-nu, and then in the Ar-khan-gel-sky so-bo-re the sa-mo-zvan-tsa was crowned with a cap-coy Mo-no-ma-ha Ar-se-niy Elas-son-sky, ar-hi-bishop of Ar-khan-gel-sko-go so-bo-ra.
Co-preserving the traditional system of public administration, social structures and institutes of co-words representative of the country's armed forces, False Dmitry I tried to mo-di-fi-tsi-ro-form the their activities. He increased the personnel composition of the Bo-Yar Duma by more than 1.7 times, including at the expense of persons distinguished -shih in his struggle for the throne in November 1604 - June 1605 (princes V.M. Mo-salsky Rubets, G.G. Pushkin, B.I. Su-tu -pov, etc.), as well as persons returned from exile who were in disgrace under the Gods (including Na-gikh), and new fa-vo-ri-tov, often comparing young people by age. The expansion of the Duma from-ra-zi-lo according to False Dmitry I com-pro-mis-sov with the ruling elite as a whole and with different mi her group-pi-row-ka-mi. This, in part, was reflected in the forgiveness and return from exile of the Shui-sky princes, in the re-re-za- good-ro-ne-nii in the fa-mil-ny mustache-fingers of the os-tan-kov A.N. and M.N. Ro-ma-no-vykh, prince M.I. and L.M. Vo-ro-tyn-skikh. False Dmitry I personally taught for an hour in the za-se-da-ni-yah of the Bo-Yar-skaya Duma, brought a lot of people to the wing -the palace, encouraged the collective people of the nobility from places in Moscow, as well as city residents, government officials and the court -tso-vykh kre-st-yan. Under False Dmitry I, the most complete collection of current laws was compiled - Su-deb-nik of 1550 with “up to full become-me” in the edition of 1606, the 2nd of which became the basis for the preparation of the so-called. Consolidation of su-deb-no-ka, for which a separate article of the 3rd Lithuanian Sta-tu-ta (1588) was also re-written ). False Dmitry I or-ga-ni-zo-you-valid “in-the-house” military exercises; Most likely, with him there was a co-creation of “Us-ta-va military, cannon and other affairs...”. During the reign of False Dmitry I, there were reviews of the district corps of nobles, where their heights were higher. me-st-us-mi and de-tender-min-mi ok-la-da-mi, and also you-pay-chi-va-li de-tender pity for the service -about 1604-1605 (mainly the nobles of the southern counties). At the same time, an essential gap was maintained in the ma-te-ri-al-nom provision of the nobility of various regions new, in the norms of the regions, on the mutual claims of the nobles according to the do you run away? The economic position of the Russian state was aggravated by the fact that significant funds from the treasury went to op-la-tu sting-va- nya to the Polish na-yom-ni-kam and Don-ka-za-kam, on the op-la-tu of most of Yu’s debts. Mni-she-ka and his expenses for the upcoming visit to Moscow, then, as in the country, the following items were stored non-uro-zha-ev and go-lo-da of 1601-1603. False Dmitry I took a number of steps to limit the land ownership of the Russian Orthodox Church, from the monastery he was co-b- wound heavy ex-t-ra-or-di-nar-ny na-log (“on the rise”).
False Dmitry I never managed to build strong relations with most of the Russian political elite, which was due to his cadre howl in a li-ti-coy way, a big role of foreign councils, opa-se-niya-mi, called-by him by his external-non-li-tical hens -som and de-la-ri-ro-vav-shey-sya are prepared for military actions, his life style and ma-ne-roy image sche-niya from the battle-ra-mi. Gradually, False Dmitry I began to experience a lack of faith in his surroundings and at the time of 1605 and 160 the formation of The world appointed a special court guard of 3 companies to the foreign countries. In January - May 1606, there were 3 known cases of pre-dot-attacks on the life of the invitee.
By the end of 1605, tension arose in the relations with False Dmitry I and with his Polish bloodlines, since most He did not fulfill his obligations given to Si-giz-mun-du III and Yu. Mni-she-ku. The Polish side did not recognize the new title adopted by False Dmitry I “the clearest and not the most -ra-to-ra."
The situation was max-si-mal-but-st-ri-la in April - May 1606. The decision announced back in winter by the government of False Dmitry I about the preparation of the Russian army to the south (to the Crimea Khan-st-vo or Azov) caused the collection of additional taxes and the payment of wines upon delivery of military orders. pa-sov and, across all vi-di-mo-sti, art-till-le-ria in the southern fortress, for the construction of river vessels, as well as mo -bi-li-za-tion of the local militia of the central and north-west (their review was scheduled to take place in Moscow in May) , as well as the southeastern counties. At one time, a revolt of the Ter-ka Cossacks, led by Ileya Mu-rom, broke out on the Vol-ga.
At the beginning of May 1606, Yu. Mni-shek arrived in Moscow with his daughter Ma-rina and a huge retinue (over 2.5 thousand people ). On May 8 (18), the second meeting of False Dmitry I with M. Mni-shek took place (the first, according to a certain ritual, took place in Krasnoyarsk on November 22, 1605, where the role of False Dmitry I was played by A.I. Vlas-ev), and then the solemn wedding of M. Mni-shek to the Tsar -in (the first in Russian history the co-ro-na-tion of women) and the marriage of the tsar and the tsar. The enormous expenses of False Dmitry I for maintaining the court and for festive ceremonies, significantly increased in connection with the arrival of foreign guests in the capital, their behavior you caused a sharp dis-will of the Russian know, and especially live hundreds. On the night of May 17 (27), 1606, a rebellion of city residents broke out in Moscow, blocking all the estates and buildings, where the people who arrived from abroad for the wedding were settled down. Mo-sk-vi-chi act-st-vo-va-li at the call of Bo-Yar, who announced that the La-ki want to kill the Tsar and Sa- mih bo-yar. Vos-pol-zo-va-shi-si-tua-tsi-ey, battle-re-for-go-thief-schi-ki led by princes V.I. and D.I. Shui-ski and other members of the Duma, with the support of a number of new city nobles, entered the palace and killed two -their or three-their bodies-khra-ni-te-ley, fa-vo-ri-ta of False Dmitry I - P.F. Bas-ma-no-va, and then py-tav-she-go-sya saved himself False Dmitry I (according to different versions, the murderer appeared- Xia I.V. Men-shoi Vo-ei-kov, G.B. Va-lu-ev, Moscow guest G. or M. Myl-ni-kov). The body of False Dmitry I was displayed for 3 days on Red Square on a table with a mask on the life (under the table on -mes-tili te-lo Bas-ma-no-va), and then for-ho-ro-not-but. One-of-a-kind frosts came unexpectedly (they were considered a bad omen), rumors about that-in-st-ven-nyh lights at the place of-the-ho-ro-non-niya of the self-invitation led to the fact that the corpse of False Dmitry I you-to- pa-li, they burned it on the pyre, the great-home with the ashes for-ry-di-li push-ku and you-shot to the west.
The events of the march of False Dmitry I to Moscow, his re-entry and death from-ra-zhe-ny in numerous co-chi- not-ni-yah European-pei-tsev: first - “The Tale of Barets-tso Barets-tsi” (his author can be considered A. Pos-se -vi-but) appeared back in 1605 in Ve-ne-tion, and then it was trans-re-ve-de-but into several languages and from-da-but to Is -pa-nia, Czech Republic, Germany and France. Later, the works of U. Ras-se-la (V. Russel), J. Mar-zhe-re-ta, K. Bus-so were published va, P. Petrey de Er-le-zun-da and others. Events associated with the fate of False Dmitry I served as the same for hu -do-zhestvennyh pro-iz-ve-de-nii Lo-pe F. de Ve-gi Car-pio, F. Shil-le-ra, A.S. Push-ki-na, P. Me-ri-me, A.K. Tol-sto-go and other pi-sa-te-leys and dra-ma-tur-gov.
Illustrations:
False Dmitry I. Portrait of a worker you are not known for. Beginning of the 17th century. Is-to-ri-che-sky museum (Mo-sk-va). BRE Archive.
In 1604, a man posing as the miraculously saved son of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, who is usually called False Dmitry I (apparently, it was the fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev), enlisted the support of the Polish magnates Prince Vishnevetsky, the Sandomierz governor Yuri Mnishek, with a detachment of Ukrainian and Don Cossacks, Polish gentry and Russians, who fled to Poland, invaded the Seversk land. According to various sources, at the beginning of the campaign False Dmitry had from 2 to 8 thousand people. On October 21, he occupied the first city on Russian territory - Moravsk (Moroviysk). Soon the gates of Chernigov were opened to the impostor. The people, devastated by several decades of wars and famine that plagued the country for several years in a row, wanted to see in the “miraculously saved Dmitry” a “good king” capable of leading them to prosperity. Tsar Boris at first underestimated the danger posed by False Dmitry and limited himself to announcing his imposture.
Meanwhile, the army of False Dmitry approached Novgorod-Seversky, which was defended by a garrison of 600 archers led by the okolnichy Basmanov. It was not possible to take the city; the besieged fought off all attacks. But Putivl recognized the power of the impostor without a fight. Godunov’s troops remained passive, while Rylsk and Sevsk, Belgorod and Kursk, Kromy, Livny, Yelets, Voronezh and a number of other cities took the side of False Dmitry. Seeing that the position of the Moscow government was deteriorating, and fearing that Rus' would be under Polish political influence, the Swedish king Charles IX, whose rights to the throne was disputed by the Polish king Sigismund, offered military assistance to Boris Godunov, but the Russian Tsar refused it.
Boris sent a message to Sigismund, accusing him of violating the terms of the truce. The Polish king denied the violation, stating that the Poles, Lithuanians and Ukrainian Cossacks who were in the troops of False Dmitry acted as private individuals, without the official approval of the royal authorities. In fact, the Polish government was interested in weakening Rus' and did not prevent the impostor from recruiting subjects of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth into his troops. And the weakness of royal power in Poland did not allow it to interfere with the willful actions of the magnates.
Boris ordered Prince Mstislavsky to form an army in Kaluga. Six weeks later, he marched with an army to Bryansk, where he united with the army of governor Dmitry Shuisky. Together they went to the rescue of Basmanov. Under the command of the Russian governors there were up to 25 thousand people. At the Uzruy River they were met by a 15,000-strong army of the impostor. Some of Miloslavsky’s soldiers ran over to False Dmitry before the battle, but the governor Godunov still had an almost twofold numerical superiority. However, their army was not eager to engage in battle with someone who was suspected of being the rightful heir to the throne.
The battle took place on December 21. The Russian army repulsed the first attack of the impostor's army, but could not withstand the repeated attack of the Polish cavalry against the regiment of the right hand. This regiment mixed with a larger regiment, and both of them retreated in disorder. The resilience of the left wing of the Russian army could not save the situation. Miloslavsky was wounded and barely escaped capture. The impostor did not dare to pursue the superior enemy forces. Miloslavsky's army took refuge in the forest, surrounding the camp with an earthen rampart.
The next day, 4 thousand foot Zaporozhye Cossacks arrived at False Dmitry and another 8 thousand-strong detachment with 14 guns was on the way. However, it was not possible to take Novgorod-Seversky, and the impostor retreated to Sevsk. Part of the Polish-Lithuanian troops left him and returned to Poland. Miloslavsky at this time went to Starodub. There he was joined by the army of Prince Vasily Shuisky, whom the tsar ordered to take decisive action and crush the impostor.
On January 21, 1605, a new battle took place near the village of Dobrynichi. Miloslavsky and Shuisky had about 30 thousand people, the impostor - 15 thousand, including 7 Polish horse banners and 3 thousand Don Cossacks. The artillery of the sides was approximately equal: 14 guns for the Russian troops, 13 for False Dmitry. The impostor learned that the entire enemy army had gathered for the night in one small village, and decided to suddenly attack, having previously set Dobrynichi on fire. However, Russian patrols caught the arsonists, and the tsarist troops managed to prepare for battle.
The guard regiment was attacked by the main forces of the impostor and thrown back to Dobrynichi. False Dmitry delivered the main blow to the enemy’s right wing, hoping to throw him back across the Sev River. His cavalry attacked in two lines. In the first line there were Polish banners, in the second - Russian cavalry, which, to distinguish them from government troops, wore white shirts over their armor. Mstislavsky ordered his right wing to also go on the offensive to stop and overthrow the enemy. In the first line of Russian troops there were detachments of German and Dutch mercenaries. The impostor's cavalry pushed back the mercenary infantry, and then drove back the Russian cavalry standing behind it. After this, False Dmitry’s strike force attacked the center of Mstislavsky’s army - the archers who had settled in Dobrynichi behind carts of hay. They met the cavalrymen with fire from arquebuses and cannons and put the enemy to flight. The example of the cavalry was followed by the foot Cossacks on the right flank of False Dmitry, who decided that the battle was lost.
The Russian cavalry, seeing that the enemy was running, launched a counterattack and completed the rout. False Dmitry's reserve, consisting of a foot detachment of Don Cossacks and artillery, was surrounded and almost completely destroyed. The impostor's army was pursued for 8 km. He and the remnants of the army managed to escape to Rylsk. In the battle of Dobrynichi, False Dmitry lost 5-6 thousand killed and no less number captured, as well as all 13 of his guns. Miloslavsky's army lost 525 people killed.
However, Mstislavsky did not use his great success and did not organize a persistent pursuit of the defeated troops of the impostor. As a result, he escaped capture and again managed to gain a considerable number of supporters. From a military point of view, the battle of Dobrynichi is significant in that in it the Russian army (Mstislavsky) first used a linear battle formation.
The tsarist army approached Rylsk only a few days later, when False Dmitry had already managed to flee to Putivl. The Poles were about to leave him, but the Russian supporters of the “named Dmitry,” who had nothing to lose except their own heads in case of defeat, insisted on continuing the fight. The impostor turned to Sigismund for help, but he refused to fight with Moscow. Then False Dmitry sent letters to the peasants and townspeople, promising them exemption from duties. In the southern steppes, many fugitive peasants accumulated, joining the army of the impostor. A 4,000-strong detachment of Don Cossacks returned to him, and the garrisons of Oskol, Valuyek, Belgorod, Tsarev-Borisov and some other cities went over to the side of False Dmitry.
Meanwhile, the tsarist commanders failed to take Rylsk, the garrison of which the impostor reinforced with 2 thousand of his Russian supporters and 500 Poles. Supply difficulties forced Miloslavsky to lift the siege after 15 days. Due to difficulties with the supply of food, he generally wanted to disband the army, but the king categorically forbade him to do this.
Mstislavsky's army was ordered to go to Kromy, where the garrison, which had gone over to the side of the impostor, was besieged by the army of governor Sheremetev. False Dmitry also sent 4 thousand Don Cossacks under the command of Ataman Korela to help the Kroms. The Cossacks forestalled Mstislavsky and at the end of February broke through to Kromy with a large supply of food. They moved on a sleigh through frozen swamps.
At the beginning of March, Mstislavsky approached Kromy. Government troops burned the wooden fortifications with artillery fire and captured the rampart, but then retreated for an unknown reason. The Cossacks took advantage of this, poured a new earthen rampart and surrounded the city with a moat. On the reverse slope of the rampart they dug dugouts where they hid from enemy cannonballs. Among the besiegers there were many supporters of False Dmitry, who secretly supplied Kromy with gunpowder and food.
The situation in the country changed dramatically after Tsar Boris suddenly died on April 13, 1605. He was succeeded by his 16-year-old son Fedor, but many boyars were afraid that he, lacking his father’s experience and intelligence, would not be able to cope with the turmoil. They were increasingly inclined to support the impostor, hoping that, having become king, he would be able to curb the Cossack and peasant freemen. The tsarist governor Basmanov arrived near Kromy with reinforcements. He formed a conspiracy in the army in favor of the impostor. When on May 7 the vanguard of False Dmitry, consisting of 3 Polish banners and 3 thousand Russian militias, approached Kromy, the entire tsarist army went over to his side. The path to Moscow was open. On June 10, False Dmitry entered the capital and was proclaimed king. Before this, the boyars strangled Tsar Fedor.
Together with False Dmitry came several thousand Poles, Lithuanians and Cossacks, who took up robbery, which the new tsar was in no hurry to stop. He lasted eleven months on the throne.
On May 2, 1606, the fiancée of False Dmitry Marina Mnishek arrived in Moscow, and with her a 2,000-strong Polish detachment. By that time, the people had already become disillusioned with the “good king,” who did not take any measures to alleviate the situation of the peasants, but only rewarded his most prominent supporters with new lands. The boyars were also burdened by the “thin king.” They plotted against False Dmitry. The arrival of a new detachment of Poles was used by the conspirators to stir up anti-Polish sentiments among Muscovites. People suspected False Dmitry of accepting Catholicism. On the night of May 17, an uprising broke out in the capital, during which many Poles, Lithuanians and other foreigners were killed. The Kremlin was captured by a crowd of people. The conspirators took advantage of the turmoil and killed False Dmitry, proclaiming Prince Vasily Shuisky king. The surviving Poles were released to their homeland, but all the captured booty was taken away from them.
Russian Civilization
Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, who dreamed of royal power, could not come to terms with the idea that this power was not in his hands. He, an eminent boyar who traced his origins back to Rurik, was forced to bow his proud head before Boris, a descendant of the Tatar Murza, and now, in his declining days - and even worse - he had to bow before an unknown, rootless stranger who came to the throne thanks to blind chance .
On the night of May 12-13, Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky gathered his followers, trade and service people, irritated by the impudence and violence of the Poles, to his house. It was decided to mark the houses where they lived, and then the next day, Saturday, early in the morning to sound the alarm and shout to the people that the Poles want to destroy the Tsar - and in the meantime, as the mob carried out reprisals against the Poles, taking advantage of the general turmoil, to commit murder of False Dmitry and his associates. The common people in Moscow loved False Dmitry, and therefore the conspirators had to take the eyes of the people away from the tsar.
On May 15, Pyotr Basmanov was informed that some kind of conspiracy was being hatched. Basmanov reported to the Tsar.
– I don’t want to hear about it! - said False Dmitry. - I can’t stand it; informers and I will punish them themselves.
The next day, German soldiers informed the tsar that something evil was happening in the city. The king, again with incomprehensible frivolity, did not attach much importance to this, did not think about precautions and continued to have fun carelessly.
Early in the morning of May 17, by order of Shuisky, prisons were opened and axes and swords were distributed to criminals.
At three o'clock in the morning, when False Dmitry and all the Polish guests were in deep sleep and had not yet woken up from yesterday's hangover, the alarm bell suddenly rang in all the churches. Thousands of people, grabbing clubs, guns, sabers, spears, whatever they could, rushed to the palace.
– Lithuania is going to kill the Tsar! - they shouted to the people. - Beat Lithuania!
The people rushed to find the Poles in different houses and beat them mercilessly.
Meanwhile, Prince Vasily Shuisky, with a cross in one hand and a sword in the other, entered the Kremlin (the Kremlin gates were not even locked). Shuisky was followed by a large crowd of conspirators armed with axes, reeds, spears and guns.
The alarm woke the king. He sent Pyotr Basmanov to find out what this meant. At first they thought it was a fire. But soon frantic screams were heard in the Kremlin; the courtyard was filled with armed people.
- Give up the impostor! – there was a menacing cry from the raging crowd when Basmanov appeared on the porch.
There was no doubt about the rebellion. Basmanov rushed back, ordered the spearmen not to let anyone into the palace under any circumstances, and he himself rushed to the king in despair, tearing out his hair.
“Trouble, sir,” he shouted, “they want your head!”
False Dmitry thought about curbing the rebels - he snatched a sword from one of the Germans standing guard in the palace, went out into the hallway and, shaking his sword at the raging crowd, shouted: “I’m not Boris to you!”
In response, rifle shots were heard aimed at him. He hurried away. Basmanov tried to reassure the boyars who led the rebellion, but one of them - Tatishchev - scolded him and stabbed him. Basmanov fell dead.
False Dmitry thought to escape in the courtyard, where the archers stood guard; he wanted to descend from a height of several fathoms from the window along the rafters, but he fell, fell, hurt himself badly and dislocated his leg.
The archers brought the king to his senses and surrounded him.
Having come to his senses, False Dmitry begged them to take him to Red Square to the people; for this he promised them all the estates of the rebellious boyars. The archers surrounded the king and thought about defending him, but the rebels threatened them that they would kill their wives and children in Streletskaya Sloboda, and the archers, after a short resistance, yielded. The unfortunate False Dmitry was dragged into the palace.
“He brought Latin priests, took a wicked Polish woman as his wife, and distributed the Moscow treasury to the Poles!” - said the rebels dragging False Dmitry.
The wild crowd of conspirators forgot all human feeling, mocked and cursed at the unfortunate man. They pushed him, pulled him, beat him... They tore off his caftan, dressed him in some kind of rags...
- Look at the king! I have such a king in my stable! - one said with a laugh.
- I wish I could let him know! - said another. The third hit him in the face and shouted:
- Tell me, who are you, who is your father and where are you from?
The exhausted False Dmitry could barely utter a few words in response. He claimed that he was the son of John, suggested that his mother be asked about this, and asked that he be taken to the people at the Place of Execution.
“Queen Martha just said that this is not her son!” - one of the boyars shouted.
– Is the villain to blame? - they shouted impatiently from the yard.
- Blame! - they answered from the palace.
- Hit him, cut him down! - the crowd screamed.
- Here I will bless this Polish whistler! - one of the rebels shouted and shot False Dmitry.
There were also those who chopped and stabbed the soulless body with swords. This is how the murder of False Dmitry took place
The crowd of conspirators, having killed Basmanov and the Tsar, beat up to a hundred musicians and songwriters who lived in the Kremlin, near the Tsar's palace. At this time, crowds of angry people were rampant in Kitai-Gorod and other parts of Moscow, exterminating the “hated Poles” without mercy. The unfortunate Poles jumped out of bed, hid in cellars, buried themselves in straw, even in garbage... But they sought salvation in vain! - Muscovites found them and killed them with stakes, stones, chopped them with sabers... People's anger knew no bounds. From 3 o'clock in the morning until 11 there was a wild, inhumane massacre. The horror of this massacre, says an eyewitness, cannot be described in words. For six hours in a row the alarm bell rang incessantly, gun shots, saber blows, the trampling of horses, desperate cries of those being beaten and cries of the frenzied mob were heard: “Seki, cut down the Poles!” It seemed that rage and anger drowned out every human feeling: neither the tears nor the prayers of the unfortunate people saved them. Some, in desperation, decided to defend themselves in their homes with weapons in their hands. The people even brought cannons to destroy the houses where the Polish ambassadors and Tsarina's relatives with armed people had locked themselves. Of course, they would not have been saved either, but Vasily Shuisky and his comrades saved them from the people’s fury, they saved the boyars and Marina - she was taken from the palace to her father.
The mutilated corpse of False Dmitry was dragged with ropes from the Kremlin. They stopped at the Ascension Monastery, called nun Martha and demanded that she announce before all the people whether her son had been killed. She denied and said that her true son, Tsarevich Dmitry, was killed in Uglich; She was guilty that out of fear she recognized the son of an impostor... Then his body was dragged to Red Square and laid on a table, and the corpse of Pyotr Basmanov was thrown on a bench at his feet. One boyar threw a mask and bagpipes on the body of False Dmitry, and stuck a pipe in his mouth.
“We have amused you for a long time, deceiver,” he said, “now you amuse us!”
For three days a rude crowd mocked the corpse of False Dmitry.
But on the third night, the superstitious people were seized with fear. A rumor spread that some mysterious light began to appear near the corpse of the murdered False Dmitry, which disappeared when the sentries approached... The next morning, the boyars ordered to take the corpse beyond the Serpukhov Gate, to the House of God (that was the name of the cemetery where they buried the dead picked up at streets). But even here, different visions frightened superstitious people. People began to say that False Dmitry was an extraordinary person, that the devil himself helped him fool people, that he was a warlock and sorcerer, and so on. Finally, his corpse was dug up, burned, the ashes were mixed with gunpowder, a cannon was loaded with this mixture and fired in the direction from which False Dmitry entered Moscow.
Thus ended the extraordinary fate of this mysterious man!..
