Decolonization of Africa After the Second World War, the process began quickly
decolonization of Africa. The year of Africa - the year of liberation
largest number of colonies - was declared 1960. This year
17 states gained independence. Most of them are
French colonies and UN trust territories,
under French control: Cameroon, Togo,
Malagasy Republic, Congo (formerly French Congo),
Dahomey, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad,
Central African Republic, Gabon, Mauritania,
Niger, Senegal, Mali. They were declared independent
largest country in Africa by population -
Nigeria, which belonged to Great Britain, and the largest
The territory is Belgian Congo. British Somalia and
ward of Somalia, under Italian rule,
were united and became the Somali Democratic
Republic.
AFRICA VISIT
"Business card" of the region
Teacher Kuznetsov N.K.
Africa Africa- the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.Africa- the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Sea from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south.
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Africa is the birthplace of humanity Africa is the birthplace of the greatest ancient civilization on Earth - Ancient Egypt. Africa is home to the largest desert in the world - the Sahara.
Africa is home to one of the longest rivers in the world - the Nile.
Jordan
Mediterranean Sea
Africa occupies 20% of the Earth's land area (30.3 million km2), 56 states(with island ones). – more than 1 billion people.
South Sudan
(Juba) - 2011
Regions of AfricaExercise. On an outline map, draw any 10 African countries that gained political independence after the Second World War. Indicate the date of independence and the metropolitan country. Why is 1960 called the Year of Africa?
|
Year received independence |
Country - metropolis |
|
|
DE, WB DE,FR,WB Germany |
|
Year received independence |
Country - metropolis |
|
|
Germ. Belg. Germ. Belg. Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Portugal. Germ, South Africa Italy (since 1950 part of Ethiopia) |
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Liberation from colonization
African fauna
Flora of Africa
Riches of Africa
The wealth of Africa - in terms of gold reserves and production - 1st place in the world Currently (2015) OPEC includes 12 states, of which 4 are African: Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Angola
Riches of Africa
Tourism in Africa
In the village of the pygmies
In the land of the pyramids
Diving in the Red Sea
Photo safaris in nature reserves
HomeworkBoth world wars affected Africa. In each of them, the African continent, seemingly so far from European political conflicts, was forced to take an active part. However, the contribution of Africans to the victory over fascism remains largely underestimated.
For Africans, World War II began in 1935 when Italy invaded Ethiopia. In some ways, it continued—in the form of a struggle for independence—long after 1945, as Africans demanded recognition of their contribution to the Allied victory over Nazi Germany. The Second World War had a profound impact on the understanding of class, race, and political problems throughout the world. In fact, the Second World War became a catalyst for crisis in the colonial empires and served to transform the nature of political activity throughout the African continent. If before 1945 the struggle of African peoples against colonial oppression was, for the most part, waged not so much for self-government as for some degree of participation in existing governments, then after the war the demand for independence became the basis of the program of all African organizations that counted on popular support. “1945 was the greatest watershed in modern Africa. The most important factor contributing to the growing spirit of resentment in Africa during this period was the return home of African soldiers who had served in the Second World War. African troops were rarely completely reliable for the imperialists, and their uprisings and protests played an important role in the development of African national identity. Particularly great unrest occurred among African troops during the Second World War. Fighting in distant countries, they were imbued with the spirit of the anti-fascist war and returned home completely different.” In their countries, former war participants resolutely did not want to return to low-paid hard work; during the war and post-war years there were mass rallies, demonstrations, and mutinies of military personnel and former soldiers.
Not much is said about the African campaigns of World War II in Russia. However, by the beginning of the war, Africa (especially the northeast) had become a strategic springboard for which a fierce battle ensued. In many ways, the fighting on the “dark continent” predetermined the delay in the opening of the second front. While the Allies were fighting for Africa, the Red Army had already launched a counteroffensive.
American soldiers land on
shore at Azreve in Algeria during an operation
"Torch"
The North African Campaign (June 10, 1940 - May 13, 1943) was military action between Anglo-American and Italian-German forces in North Africa - Egypt and the Maghreb during World War II. During its course, the famous battles of the British with the troops of the German General Rommel, known as the “desert fox,” and the landing of American-British troops in Morocco and Algeria (landing operation “Torch”, November 1942) took place. The East African campaign officially lasted less than a year and a half - from June 10, 1940 to November 27, 1941, but Italian soldiers continued to fight in Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea until the end of 1943, until they received the order to surrender. De Gaulle and British troops landed on Madagascar, which was a supply base for Japanese submarines in the Indian Ocean, in May 1942, and by November of the same year the island was liberated from Vichy and Japanese troops.
Academician A.B. Davidson wrote that during the Second World War, military operations in Tropical Africa were carried out only on the territory of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somalia. “In 1941, British troops, together with Ethiopian partisans and with the active participation of the Somalis, occupied the territories of these countries. There were no military operations in other countries of Tropical and Southern Africa. But hundreds of thousands of Africans were mobilized into the metropolitan armies. Even more people had to serve the troops and work for military needs. Africans fought in North Africa, Western Europe, the Middle East, Burma, and Malaya. On the territory of the French colonies there was a struggle between the Vichyites and supporters of the Free French, which, as a rule, did not lead to military clashes. The policy of the metropolis in relation to the participation of Africans in the war was twofold: on the one hand, they sought to use the human resources of Africa as fully as possible, on the other hand, they were afraid to allow Africans into modern forms. Most of the mobilized Africans served in the auxiliary troops, but many still underwent full combat training and received military qualifications as drivers, radio operators, signalmen, etc.”
By the beginning of the war, Africa (especially the northeast) had become a strategic bridgehead, for which a fierce battle ensued.
Over a million African soldiers fought for the colonial powers in the Second World War. Few of them initially understood the reasons for the war and the meaning of what they were fighting for. Only a few soldiers knew more about Hitler and fascism.
One veteran, John Henry Smith from Sierra Leone, recalled that his teacher gave him Hitler's Mein Kampf to read. “We read what this man was going to do to black Africans if he came to power. It was a book that would make every African rebel against something like it happened to me.” So John became a volunteer and joined the Royal Air Force, where he served as a navigator.
Africans in World War II found themselves, as in 1914, drawn into a war that was not theirs. Since 1939, hundreds of thousands of soldiers from West Africa were sent to the European front. Many residents of the British colonies served as porters or did other work to support the troops. Although there were Africans who were willing to volunteer to fight fascism, in most cases there was a forced mobilization of Africans to the front.
African French soldiers
colonial army
Whether as soldiers or prisoners of war, Africans at the front were in close contact with European soldiers and the realities of European life. They realized that Europeans are the same mortal, vulnerable people, no higher or better than themselves. It should be noted that the attitude towards black soldiers on the part of their white comrades in arms and commanders was often biased and unfair. Well-known South African politician Ronnie Kasrils noted in his article dedicated to the visit of South African President J. Zuma to Moscow to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Victory over Nazi Germany that “racial discrimination in the South African army was so deeply rooted that there were deaths, black and white , were buried separately." He gave examples of the feats that some South African soldiers had performed and noted that if they had not been black, they would undoubtedly have received the highest British military award, the Victoria Cross. Instead, at the end of the war, black soldiers received greatcoats and bicycles as rewards.
The war experience greatly changed Africans' awareness of their own situation. Many veterans, upon returning home, took part in liberation movements, but some of them were reproached by independence fighters for fighting on the side of the colonialists and oppressors. Many of the still living African World War II veterans feel bitter because their contribution to the victory over fascism was not appreciated. Deutsche Welle quotes 93-year-old war veteran Albert Kuniuku from Kinshasa (DR Congo), chairman of the Veterans Union: “I receive a monthly war pension of 5,000 Congolese francs (equal to 4.8 euros, 5.4 dollars ). This is not worthy of someone who defended Belgian interests."
Africans in World War II found themselves, as in 1914, drawn into a war that was not theirs.
Africans also knew about the role of the Soviet Union in the fight against fascism. The more educated, politically active Africans who took part in the war apparently had a sufficient understanding of this. However, funny things happened. The oldest employee of the Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, veteran of the Great Patriotic War P.I. Kupriyanov, at the celebration of Victory Day within the walls of the Institute in 2015, told a funny story: a few years after the end of the war, he visited Liberia, where an elderly Liberian one day came to his hotel, who during wartime had listened on the radio about the successes of the Red Army and came look at the Soviet soldier. He noted with surprise that the Soviet soldier was quite young, not very tall, and his skin color was not red. From listening to the radio, he formed the image of a giant soldier with a red skin tone, because only such amazing people, as it seemed to a simple African, could crush Hitler’s army.
Congolese bugler, 1943
In the article already mentioned above, South African politician Ronnie Kasrils noted that “the victory over fascism saved the world from slavery and disaster. It also led to the collapse of the colonial system and contributed to Africa’s independence and the emergence of armed liberation movements such as ours, which received support from the USSR and the countries of the socialist camp.” He noted that attempts are being made to downplay and distort the role of the USSR in the victory over fascism, to rewrite history, and pointed out the danger of such attempts. They are dangerous because hiding the truth about the Second World War for the sake of geopolitical interests leads to the forgetting of the lessons of history by modern youth around the world. R. Kasrils noted that fascism is now on the rise in different parts of Europe and that the world must work together to prevent its new spread.
Despite efforts to present England and America as the main victors, and despite the real importance of the Allied victories in North Africa, the Battle of Britain, and the opening of the second, Western, front, R. Kasrils emphasized that the main theater of war was the Eastern Front, the confrontation between the USSR and Nazi Germany , where the outcome of the war was decided. “Propaganda and lies are generated by the West in order to hide the true nature of the Second World War and the enormous debt that humanity owes to the Russian people and the peoples of the former USSR. They, without any doubt, took the brunt of the blow and saved the world from fascism.”
For African countries, as well as for Russia, it is important to remember the history of their participation in the Second World War as it was, without allowing it to be distorted, to downplay the role of those who fought against fascism, or to forget their important contribution to the common victory over this evil.
Slide 1
Slide 2
Reasons During the interwar years, the role of oil fields discovered and exploited by British companies in Iraq and Iran began to rapidly increase. Control over North Africa made it possible to “block” both water and land routes to India, Malaya, as well as to the British dominions - Australia and New Zealand. The same can be said about the routes connecting the Black Sea ports with the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic.
Slide 3
Mussolini's reasons attracted a tidbit of "living space" and hopes of an easy victory over the understaffed "Nile group" of the British commander-in-chief, General Wavell. According to the Duce's plan, activity on the African front was to become an important contribution of Italy to the geopolitical strategy of the Axis countries and to bind significant allied forces in Africa. Since 1940, national socialist geopoliticians have comprehensively studied the project of a “little victorious safari in North Africa.” However, for Hitler this theater of military operations was of secondary importance. Meeting with Hitler at the Berghof on July 13, 1940 - ...In Africa we lay claim to the coast (apparently, together with Spain). Italy wants to get the rear areas. We ourselves claim the French and Belgian Congo. The British were well aware of the weakness of their position in this area. They feared an Italian attack on their strongholds in the Middle East, especially if it was supported by Germany. From the memoirs of W. Churchill -... the war cabinet was determined to defend Egypt against anyone using any resources that could be allocated in the context of the decisive struggle that was taking place at home...
Slide 4
The forces of the parties at the beginning of the war In North Africa, Italy had two armies. The total number of troops was: 236 thousand people, 1800 guns and 315 aircraft. Almost all types of tanks and armored vehicles with which the troops were equipped were inferior to British tanks and armored vehicles in speed, weapons and quality of armor. The commander of the troops is the Governor General of Libya, Air Marshal Italo Balbo. By June 10, 1940, British troops, including parts of the dominions and colonies, in Egypt amounted to 66 thousand soldiers and officers (including 30 thousand Egyptians) - the Army of the Nile. The British air force in Egypt and Palestine - 168 aircraft. The commander-in-chief of British forces in the Middle East was General Archibald Percival Wavell.
Slide 5
General Wavell adopted the tactic of harassing the enemy with counterattacks. In skirmishes on the border, during the first three months of the war, the Italians lost 3,500 people killed, wounded and prisoners, and the British only 150. Marshal Balbo also died at the same time: on June 28, Italian anti-aircraft gunners mistakenly shot down the plane he was flying on as it was landing in Tobruk . He was replaced by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. War on the Anglo-French coalition was declared by Italy on June 10, 1940. However, the rapid defeat of France and its withdrawal from the war focused aggressive plans in the direction of Egypt. The first three months of military operations were of a positional nature.
Slide 6
1940.06.22 - Surrender of France 1940.06.28 - Annexation of Bessarabia and North from Romania by the USSR. Bukovina 1940.08.01 - Hitler issued directive No. 17 on conducting a broad air war against England, the Battle of Britain began. At the same time... German patrol on the streets of Paris
Slide 7
However, a lack of fuel, water and food stopped the offensive near the city of Sidi Barrani, where the Italians created a chain of military camps. On December 9, 1940, British troops under the command of Major General Richard O'Connor launched Operation Compass, which lasted until February 12, 1941. Within two days, all camps were destroyed. In the course of a further operation, the cities of Torbruk and Benghazi were taken on the territory of Libya, and the 10th Italian Army was defeated. 136 thousand soldiers and 7 generals surrendered. A threat looms over Tripoli. However, on February 10, 1941, British headquarters ordered a halt to the advance of troops at El Agheila. On September 16, 1940, Italian troops under the command of Marshal Graziani invaded Egypt.
Slide 8
1940.09.23 - Invasion of Japanese troops into Indochina. 1940.09.27 - The Tripartite Pact was signed: Germany, Italy and Japan on a military alliance 1940.10.28 - Italian invasion of Greece 1941.01.19 - The beginning of the British offensive on Eritrea. 1941.02.03 - The German High Command orders the deployment of large-scale military preparations for a strike in the East. At the same time... At the signing of the “Tripartite Pact”
Slide 9
. Germany decided to take advantage of the weakening of Italian forces in Libya in order to, by providing them with assistance, create a strategic bridgehead in North Africa, which would be necessary in the future to capture all of Africa. In addition, the seizure of Egypt and the Suez Canal was also in the interests of Germany. During February 1941, German troops were transferred to Libya and General Erwin Rommel took command of them. The hasty retreat of Italian troops was stopped in mid-February 1941. The Italo-German combined force began to advance back to El Agheila and on February 22 met with British troops stationed at El Agheila and on the eastern border of the Sirte Desert. On March 31, the German command dealt a blow to the British, which turned out to be sudden. On the night of April 4, Italo-German troops occupied Benghazi without a fight, and on April 10 they approached Tobruk, which they blocked the next day, but failed to take the city. In mid-April, Rommel was forced to stop the offensive on the border of Egypt and Libya.
Slide 10
At the same time... 1941.03.06 - Winston Churchill, in a speech on March 6, 1941, in connection with the sharply increased losses of the English merchant fleet, set the task of starting the Battle of the Atlantic 1941.04. - German troops captured Yugoslavia and Greece 05.1941.20 - German airborne landing on Crete. German motorcyclists on the streets of Belgrade
Slide 11
In June 1941, the British command attempted to relieve Tobruk with large forces. On June 15, 1941, an attack by British troops began in the area of Es-Salloum and Fort Ridotta Capuzzo, recapturing several settlements from the Germans. However, a German counterattack on the night of June 18 pushed the British back to their positions. On November 18, 1941, British troops under the command of Claude Auchinleck launched their second offensive in Cyrenaica - Operation Crusader (Crusader), the goal of which was to push Rommel back to Tripolitania. Torbruk was released. The offensive stopped on December 31 in the El-Ageila area. The British were already celebrating their victory.
Slide 12
1941.06.22 - Plan "Barbarossa" in action: German troops invaded the USSR 1941.07.10 - The Battle of Smolensk began 1941.08.14 - "Atlantic Charter" between England and the USA on the post-war structure of the world 1941.08.25 - Entry of Anglo-Russian troops into Iran. 1941.12.05-06 - The failure of the German offensive on Moscow. 12/1941/07 - Japanese aircraft make a surprise raid on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, 12/1941/08 - The United States and Great Britain declared war on Japan. At the same time... June 22, 1941. German bombers over Soviet territory on December 7, 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor
Slide 13
However, the Italians managed to conduct a large convoy to Libya that delivered tanks and other weapons. On January 21, 1942, Rommel attacked British troops and drove them back to Torbruk. British troops strengthened the line near Ayn el-Ghazal. Hot on the heels of the retreating British 8th Army, Rommel's troops invaded Egypt. The offensive was stopped 100 km away. from Alexandria near the town of El Alamein on July 1, 1942. Despite the reinforcements received (164th Light Division "Africa"), it was not possible to immediately break through the defenses of the 8th Army. Hot battles broke out. Until July 27, Rommel tried unsuccessfully to break through the Allied defenses. On August 15, General Harold Alexander was appointed to replace General Claude Auchinleck. The 8th Army was led by General Montgomery. From 31 August to 5 September, Rommel renewed attacks in the Alam Halfa area near El Alamein, but Montgomery successfully repelled them. From 26 to 27 May 1942, Rommel launched a new offensive, attacked British positions on the Gazala Line west of Tobruk, and broke through the British defenses. On June 20, German-Italian troops captured Tobruk.
Slide 14
1942.01.20 Japanese troops cross Thailand, invade Burma 1942.05.26 - The Treaty of the USSR and England on an alliance against Germany is signed. 1942.06.04 - From June 4 to June 6, a naval battle took place at Midway Atoll. 1942.07.01 - Capture of Sevastopol by German troops 1942.07.17 - Battles for Stalingrad began. At the same time... Stalingrad. Battle on the city streets
Slide 15
On October 23, 1942, British troops under the command of General Montgomery went on the offensive against the Italian-German troops and in early November broke through the enemy defenses in the El Alamein area. On November 2, British troops broke through the enemy’s defenses after 3 days and the German-Italian tank army “Africa” was forced to retreat under enemy attacks. During the pursuit, British troops occupied the city of Tobruk on November 13. On November 8, 1942, Operation Torch (Torch) began - American-British divisions under the command of General Eisenhower, meeting only symbolic resistance from the troops of Vichy France, landed in Algeria, Oran and Casablanca. By the end of November, Anglo-American troops occupied Morocco and Algeria and entered Tunisia. By order of Hitler, on November 9, 1942, German troops began landing in Tunisia. On November 11, the Germans send troops into French territory controlled by the Vichy government. Meanwhile, the persecution of Rommel's group in Libya continues. Overcoming the minefields left by the retreating British troops occupied Tripoli on January 23, 1943 and in the first half of February stopped at the Maret line west of the Tunisian border with Libya. On February 19, Rommel attacked American troops in the Kesserin Pass area, but the Allies repelled the attack, counterattacked, and by the end of February Rommel retreated, after which he was recalled to Germany, and the post of commander of the Axis forces in Africa was taken by Colonel General von Arnhem. On March 21, 1943, Anglo-American troops launched an offensive from the south to the Maret line and from the west in the Maknassi region and broke through the defenses of the Italo-German troops, which retreated to the city of Tunis in early April. On May 7, the Allies captured the cities of Bizerte and Tunis. On May 13, 1943, Italian-German troops, surrounded on the Bon Peninsula (250 thousand people), capitulated. Results In connection with the defeat at El Alamein in 1942, the plans of the German command to block the Suez Canal and gain control over Middle Eastern oil were destroyed. After the liquidation of German-Italian troops in Africa, the invasion of Anglo-American troops in Italy became inevitable. The defeat of Italian troops in Africa led to increased defeatism in Italy, the overthrow of the Mussolini regime and Italy's withdrawal from the war. Side casualties British Empire USA Fighting France Germany Italy Vichy French State 238,558 total casualties 950,000 total casualties, 8,000 aircraft, 6,200 artillery pieces, 2,500 tanks and 70,000 vehicles THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES: THE COLLAPSE OF COLONIALISM AND THE FIGHT AGAINST BACKGROUND 1. 1. The growth of the anti-colonial movement. 2. Collapse of colonial empires. 3. 3. Decolonization in Africa. 4. 4. Social and economic problems of modern African states. 5. Cultural and civilizational regions. 6. Ways to modernize the countries of the “third world”. 7. Oil exporting countries. OPEC. 8. "Newly industrialized countries". 9. Russia's relations with the countries of Africa and Southeast Asia. ASEAN. SCO. Heb. Az. ES. Status and prospects.
Before World War II, about 1/3 of the world's population lived in colonies and mandated territories. The same share accounted for semi-colonial countries
The defeat of militaristic Japan, fascist Germany and Italy created favorable preconditions for the national liberation of the peoples of Asia and Africa. Growth of the anti-colonial movement
The defeat of Japan aroused the peoples of Indochina, Burma, Malaya, and Indonesia to the liberation struggle, who declared their independence upon the news of the defeat of Japan. The Red Army helped China drive out the Japanese occupiers. Growth of the anti-colonial movement
Germany, Italy and Japan, as a result of defeat in World War II, lost not only their colonies and empires, but also part of their territories. The victorious countries also lost their colonial possessions, although each of the metropolises tried to prevent this. Growth of the anti-colonial movement
Great Britain and France initially sought to preserve at least the remnants of their empires. Great Britain's fight against European rebels in Palestine in 1945 - 1948. British suppression of the guerrilla movement in Malaya in 1946 - 1960. British suppression of the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya in 1952 - 1960 French War in Indochina in 1946 - 1954 French War in Morocco and Tunisia in 1952 - 1956 French War in Algeria in 1954 - 1962 Growth of the anti-colonial movement
Portugal resisted decolonization the longest. She fought against rebels in Angola and Mozambique until 1974. Portuguese military column. Mozambique. Growth of the anti-colonial movement
57934 38035 13227 4471 Territory of the colonies (thousand km 2) 566297 565119 661491 671528 82466 34015 Population of the colonies (thousand people) 1918 1923 1938 1945 1960 19723999 9 38563 Collapse of colonial empires
0, 9342, 9 28, 2 29, 6 28, 6 9, 8 3, 332, 3 31, 2 30, 7 29, 8 2, 8 1918 1923 1938 1945 1960 1972 Territory of the colonies Population of the colonies. Colonies as a percentage of the area and population of the globe. Collapse of colonial empires
393832 398562 444691 431835 45990 10643 Population of the colonies (thousands of people) 1918 1923 1938 1945 1960 197233599 15124 14213 15713 5285 479 Territory of the colonies (thousands . km 2) Crisis and collapse of the British Empire
10650 11939 11894 12449 3612 152 1918 1923 1938 1945 1960 1972 Territory of colonies (thousand km 2) 55031 59936 69227 76425 12304 1760 Population of colonies (thousand people) )Crisis and collapse of the French Empire
The colonial empires created by Europeans since the 15th century, the main attribute of a great power, ceased to exist. Collapse of colonial empires
Neutral states Other allies of the USSR Other social. countries. US allies Colonies US zone of influence NATO countries OVDMIR countries BY THE BEGINNING of the 1960s
DECOLONIZATION IN AFRICA Africa somewhat later freed itself from colonialism. In 1956, France recognized the independence of Morocco and Tunisia. However, she had to leave Algeria after an eight-year war with the rebels of the Algerian Liberation Front (1954 - 1962).
1960 “Year of Africa” - declaration of independence of 17 states.
THE APARTHEID REGIME IN SOUTH AFRICA The most developed country in Africa, the Union of South Africa, left the British Commonwealth in 1961 and was renamed the Republic of South Africa (RSA).
In 1948, the Afrikaner (Boer) Nationalist Party came to power and proclaimed apartheid, a discriminatory system of separation of people of different races in South Africa. APARTHEID REGIME IN SOUTH AFRICA Bantustans in South AfricaAn announcement on one of the beaches of South Africa prohibiting residents of the country of non-white race from accessing the beach. 1989
Mandela, Nelson was born in 1918 to the family of the leader of the Tembu tribe. He studied law at the university, and since 1944 he became an activist in the African National Congress. In 1956 he was arrested for the first time, but was soon released. In 1960 he created the underground military organization “Spears of the Nation” to fight against apartheid. The authorities began to fight against her. Mandela was arrested again and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964. Nelson Mandela spent 27 years, 6 months and 6 days in prison. THE APARTHEID REGIME IN SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa remained the only African state where the local population was discriminated against. All liberated countries united in the fight against apartheid. South Africa fell into international isolation. Demonstration in South Africa during apartheid. THE FALL OF APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA
Gradually, an understanding of the need for political reforms became established among the white population. The leader of the supporters of change was Frederik de Klerk. apartheid reforms. THE FALL OF APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA Frederic de Klerk. President of South Africa 1989 – 1994
In 1990, he granted amnesty to Mandela. He headed the ANC. The South African Parliament began to repeal the laws that supported the apartheid regime. Nelson Mandela is free. THE FALL OF APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA
According to the Constitution adopted in 1993, South Africa is a democratic multiracial state. In the 1994 presidential elections, in which blacks took part for the first time, Nelson Mandela, President of South Africa 1994 - 1999, won. THE FALL OF APARTHEID IN SOUTH AFRICA South Africa emerged from international isolation, was admitted to the Organization of African Unity and became an integral part of the world community democratic states. Member countries of the Organization of African States
RUSSIA - AFRICA
“Third World countries” is a term from the second half of the 20th century. , denoting countries not directly involved in the Cold War and arms race. "THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES"
Arab-Muslim region Maghreb 1. Libya 2. Tunisia 3. Algeria 4. Morocco 5. Mauritania CULTURAL-CIVILIZATIONAL REGIONS Azerbaijan Armenia Georgia Afghanistan Turkey Egypt Israel Jordan Lebanon Palestinian Authority Yemen Bahrain Middle East
Arab-Muslim region Maghreb 1. Libya 2. Tunisia 3. Algeria 4. Morocco 5. Mauritania CULTURAL AND CIVILIZATIONAL REGIONS Qatar Kuwait Lebanon UAE Oman Iraq Saudi Arabia Cyprus Middle East
Arab-Muslim region 1 MAGREB 1. Libya 2. Tunisia 3. Algeria 4. Morocco 5. Mauritania 2 34 5 CULTURAL-CIVILIZATIONAL REGIONS
Central and Southern Africa. CULTURAL-CIVILIZATIONAL REGIONS Middle East, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran Heterogeneous and poorly formed states
II. CHOOSING DEVELOPMENT ROUTES “West” or “East”, capitalism or socialism? Modernization or traditional society? Evolution (for example, in India) or leap (“newly industrialized countries”)? III. PROBLEMS OF INTERNAL DEVELOPMENT Underdevelopment, political separatism, social problems: poverty, hunger, disease. Problems of refugees in areas of interstate and ethnonational conflicts. IIIIII. PROBLEMS IN RELATIONS WITH LEADING INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES Economic dependence, external debt, problems of military-political influence of leading powers. PROBLEMS OF YOUNG STATES DURING THE COLD WAR
Ghana, Guinea, Egypt, Mali, Algeria, Congo, Tanzania, Burma, Ethiopia, Angola, Mozambique, China, Vietnam, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Cambodia, Cuba. COUNTRIES OF SOCIALIST ORIENTATION in 1950 -1969
DIRECTIONS OF THE STRUGGLE FOR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE (1970-1980s) Increase in prices for raw materials (creation of OPEC) Import-substituting industrialization (mechanical engineering) Market private property relations and multi-party system with a strong role of the public sector and regulation. CAPITALIST PATH OF DEVELOPMENT 1. Increase in income of oil exporting countries. 2. Energy crisis. 3. Difficulties in the economy. 1. Growth of external debt. 2. Undermining the international division of labor. 3. Contrasting the “third world” with the rest.
WAYS TO OVERCOMING BACKGROUND CAPITALIST PATH OF DEVELOPMENT Comprehensive development of export opportunities instead of import-substituting industrialization Encouraging the import of foreign capital Market reforms (privatization, price liberalization) ATTEMPT TO INTEGRATE INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES States that have low standards of democratic governments, free market economies, industrialization, social programs and human rights guarantees for their citizens. Developed economies Developing economies (medium development) Developing economies (weak development) IMF and UN classification
OIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES Arab states of the Persian Gulf, which are characterized by the preservation of patriarchal relations and absolute monarchies
NEW INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES New industrial countries for 2010 A group of developing countries whose economies over the past decades have made the transition from a backward economy, typical of developing countries, to a highly developed one.
MAIN NIS MODELS ASIAN MODEL LATIN AMERICAN MODEL Development of the national economy with a focus on the foreign market Development of the national economy with a focus on import substitution. Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Chile GENERAL FEATURES The highest rates of economic development, the leading industry is manufacturing, active integration, the formation of their own TNCs, not inferior to TNCs of the leading countries of the world , great attention to the development of education; the use of high technology, low-cost labor, possession of significant raw material resources, development of the banking and insurance sectors, the main calling card is the production of household appliances and computers, clothing and footwear.
ASEAN Declaration - 1967 ASEAN Charter - 2008 ASEAN - ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS Brunei Vietnam Indonesia Laos Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Singapore Thailand Philippines
RUSSIA-ASEAN SUMMIT The successful construction of a new Asia-Pacific House meets the interests of all countries and their aspirations to develop a calm, creative life. Russia is open to such interaction, including the creation of various alliances.” D. A. Medvedev
SCO - SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION
Heb. Az. EC – EURASIAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY since 2000 Russia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan. Belarus An international economic organization created with the aim of forming common external customs borders of its member states, developing a unified foreign economic policy, tariffs, prices and other components of the functioning of the common market.
LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF TROPICAL AND SOUTH AFRICA NORTH AFRICA WEST AFRICA TROPICAL AND CENTRAL AFRICA SOUTH AFRICA The structure of the economies of these countries is dominated by the agricultural sector, although it is not able to meet domestic needs for food and raw materials. National capital is largely concentrated in the commercial sphere. This group of countries is characterized by the underdevelopment of the market mechanism, production and auxiliary infrastructure, transport network, communication system, banking, and electricity, which does not contribute to attracting foreign investment.
The annual population growth in Africa is 2.8%. Production of all types of food increases by only 1.9%. Food security 86% versus 98% in the 1960s. Low level of economic development. Survival through the help of the world community. PROBLEMS OF MODERN AFRICA TERRITORY OF AFRICA (million sq. km.) POPULATION OF AFRICA (million sq. km.) 19981960 6% 13% 
32% of the population are literate. 30 - 40% of children study in primary schools. There is no medical care. Average life expectancy is 49 years. PROBLEMS OF MODERN AFRICA
Level of development of developing countries GDP ($) per capita. 1994 1. Singapore 23360 9. Thailand 2210 2. Kuwait 19040 10. Tunisia 1800 3. Qatar 14540 11. China 530 4. South Korea 8220 12. India 310 5. Saudi. Arabia 7240 13. Haiti 220 6. Mexico 4010 14. Vietnam 190 7. Malaysia 3520 15. Ethiopia 130 8. Brazil 3370 16. Mozambique
